Basic Structure Of A Computer System Computer Science Essay

Basic Structure Of A Computer organisation Computer Science EssayA computing device is an electronic artifice capable of manipulating number and symbols, first taking scuttlebutt, processing it, storing and giving erupt popput under a control of set operational instructions which is cognize as a plan. A general purpose figurer requires the chase hardw ar comp iodinents memory, storage device (hard disk drive), input device (keyboard, common mackerel etc.), output signal device (screen, printer etc.) and central processing unit ( central processor). roughwhat(prenominal) some other components are involved in addition to the listed components to work in concert efficiently.Computers pot be classified by size and power as followsPersonal reckoner Personal calculating machines are sm each(prenominal) computers cup of tead on a microprocessor. A personal computer has a keyboard for inputting entropy, a oversee for output and a storage device for saving data.Workstati on workstations are ordinarily powerful than a personal computer. It has more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.minicomputer Mini computers are multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.Mainframe computer Mainframe computers are powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting umpteen hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.Super computer Super computers are extremely dissipated computers that tooshie perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.MAIN REPORTCOMPUTER outlineA computer corpse sess be represented victimization the following block diagramCPU agglomerateport measure andControlAddress BusALUI/O pull fixed storageKeyboardMouse etc.selective information BusControl Bus quantifyThe CPU is can be expanded into three principal(prenominal) split The ALU (Arithmetic and Logic building block), The Bus interface Unit, and The Control Bus. The clock is an electronic galvanizing circuit that gives regular pulses to the CPU. Faster clock speeds substance more pulses to the CPU and the instructions are stepped through prodigaler. The memory halt contains millions of separate memory stores and from severally one of these statuss has a unique number. This is known as memory address. The CPU stores data at all of these addresses and fetch the content back when need. pile stands for random advance Memory. These chips store the instructions for running the operating agreement and any computer application. This memory besides stores all the data that is being worked on. RAM is a volatile memory which means that it but stores data fleck the computer remains switched on. When switched off, it loses all the stored data. ROM ( get a line Only Memory) on the other hand is a chip with program instructions permanently ruin into it. The content is non lost even if the machine is switched off.The CPU can either fetch data from or write data when the suppress memory loca tion is accessed. Such data is transferred from the CPU to the memory location along the Data Bus. The control Bus is a set of tracks on the computers motherboard that run from the CPU to the devices and works under the direction of the CPU.LOGIC accessionLogic furnishs perform administration of logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produce a single logic output. It processes signals which represent true or false. It is called Boolean logic and is almost normally apply in digital circuits. Logic penetrations are place by their function NOT, AND, NAND, OR, NOR, EX-OR and EX-NOR and they are usually represented by detonator letter.Logic Gate SymbolsThere are two series of symbols for logic gates the traditional symbols which have distinctive shapes making them easy to fare so they are widely use, and the International Electro technical Commission (IEC) symbols which are rectangles with a symbol inside to show the gate function.Traditional Symbols asc stopant htt p//www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htmIEC seed http//www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htmInputs and OutputsAll Gates except a NOT gate have two or more inputs. A NOT gate has only one input and all gates have only one output. In the following figure, A and B are inputs and Q is the output.Source http//www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htmOther types of gate utilise are NOT gate, AND gate, NAND (NOT AND) gate, OR gate and NOR (NOT OR) gate.Truth tablesA truth table is a good substance to show the function of a logic gate. It shows the output states for every assertable combination of input states. The symbols 0 (false) and 1 (true) are usually utilize in truth tables. The example truth table on the right shows the inputs and output of an AND gate.Input AInput BOutput Q000010100111Computer numbering brassHumans speak to one a nonher in a peculiar(prenominal) language and we use different words and earn. Although we type words and letters in the computer, the computer translates those words and letters into numbers. Computers talk and understand in numbers. Those number systems are Decimal, Hexadecimal fraction, and Binary.The Decimal Number System is the system is most frequently used in arithmetic and in everyday life. The decimal number system is also known as the plant 10 number system as the position in the number represents an additive number with a base of 10. Each position only contains a number between 0 and 9.The Hexadecimal number system is used to represent memory addresses or colours. It is also known as the base 16 number system, because each position in the number represents an additive number with a base of 16. Since the number system is represented in 16s, there are only 10 numbers and 5 letters (A to F).The Binary number system is used by most machines and electrical devices to communicate. It is also known as the base 2 number system, because each position in the number represents an incremental number with a base of 2. Since it is represented it 2s, there are only 2 numbers that can be a value in each position 0 or 1.CPU COMPONENTSThe CPU is the intelligence of the machine but it needs a pre-written program to create, use and modify the data. If the computer needs to contrast two numbers, or add two numbers, this is carried out inside the CPU and the numbers have to be fetched into the CPU from the computers memory chip. The three main components of CPU are Arithmetic logic Unit (ALU), Bus porthole unit, and the Control Bus.Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) carries out all the calculations and ratiocination making tasks. The ALU uses devices called gates that receive one or more inputs and establish up what function they are designed to perform, outputs a result. The sanctioned operations of an ALU include adding and subtracting binary values as well as playing logical operations such as AND, NOT, OR AND XOR.The Bus Interface Unit takes the data to and from the CPU which is held inside internal registers (small memory stores) a long the external Data Bus to picture and write memory and devices. The Data Bus carries information in both directions. The Bus Interface Unit also places the required location addresses on the Address Bus, so that the required devices can be accessed for reading or writing.The Control Bus is the sensible connection that carries control information between the CPU and other devices at bottom the computer. It decodes all program instructions and dictates all the CPUs control and timing mechanisms. It sends out the read and write signals on the Control Bus.COMPUTER MEMORYThe computer has to temporarily store the program and data in an area where it can be used by the computers processor to work. This area is known as the computers memory. It consists of computer chips that are capable of storing information. These information could be the operating system (e.g. DOS, windows etc.), the instruction of the program to run (e.g. a database or a drawing program), or the data that is us ed or created (e.g. letters from word-processing or records from a database). There are different types of memory used in a computer system. They are Cache memory, Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), and Virtual Memory.Cache memory is extremely fast memory that is built into a computers CPU (L1 stash) or in some cases located next to it on a separate chip (L2 amass). L1 cache is faster than L2 cache as it is built into the CPU. These days, newer computer come with L3 cache which is faster than RAM but lazy than L1 and l2 cache. Cache memory is used to store instructions that are repeatedly required to run programs and helps to rectify overall system speed. The reason it is so fast is that the CPU does not have to use the motherboards system bus for data transfer.Random Access Memory (RAM) is the memory chip that consists of a large number of cells, each cell having a fixed capacity for storing data and unique address. RAM is a volatile memory which means all the programs and data in the memory is lost when the machined is switched off. There are different types of RAM modules visible(prenominal) such as SODIMM, SDRAM, DDR, DDR2 and DDR3. SODIMM are used for laptops whereas the rest are used for desktop computers.Read Only Memory (ROM) is a memory chip in which the program instructions are permanently burned into. It is non-volatile which means its content is not lost even when the machined is switched off. It is used to store some of the system programs that keep the computer running smoothly. For example computer BIOS (basic input out system) is stored on the ROM. There are different types of ROM available such as Programmable ROM (PROM), erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), and Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM).Virtual Memory is a single out of most operating system. It is used when the amount of RAM is not enough to run all the programs. If the operating system, an email program, a web browser, a word processor, a Photosho p application are loaded into the RAM simultaneously, the RAM will not be able to handle all applications and thus the computer looks at RAM for areas that have not been used recently and copies them onto the hard drive. This frees up space in RAM to load new application. But because the read/write speed of a hard drive is much slower than that of RAM, the performance is not satisfactory. It is not recommended to use virtual memory as it is slow. The solution to this problem would be to upgrade the memory.SYSTEM SOFTWAREA computer system is not complete without system software product. For a computer to perform any tasks, both software and ironware are as important. System software gives life to hardware. System softwares are the files and programs that make up a computers operating system. It includes libraries of functions, system services, driver for hardwares, system preferences, and other embodiment files. System software comprises of Assembler, Debugger, Compilers, Operatin g System, File management tools etc. The system software is installed on the computer when the operating system is installed. It can also be updated by running programs such as windows update.The system software is also called low-level software as it runs at the most basic level of the computer. It generates the user interface and allows the operating system to interact with the hardware however system software is not meant to be run by the end user like application programs. Application programs such as web browser, or Microsoft word is often used by the end user whereas the end user does not use an assembler program unless he/she is a computer programmer. The system software runs in the flat coat and thus the user does not have to worry nigh what the system software is doing.CONCLUSIONIn the report, the basic structure of a computer system was described with diagram. Different components such as CPU, memory, BUS, input/output devices that form a computer system were identified and explained. General ideas about Logic gates were given and different number systems used by computers to represent data were also described. As the CPU is the main part of a computer system, it was further looked into and Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control Bus and Bus interface Unit were discussed. Different types of memory and their uses were explained and the importance of the system software was discussed finally.