Top 5 internet privacy myths about social media debunked Term Paper

Top 5 web protection fantasies about online life exposed - Term Paper Example To begin with, a few online interpersonal organizations brief the clients to give honest data about their personality. For instance, Facebook, which right now the most prevalently utilized interpersonal organization site on the planet, permits clients to give nitty gritty data concerning who they are on the profile page. Notwithstanding this prerequisite, Facebook has pulled in countless clients implying that numerous individuals wouldn't fret sharing such close to home data. In any case, there have been a few situations where interpersonal organization clients give bogus data concerning their personality, something that has not been decidedly gotten by other informal community clients. Of more centrality, honest recognizable proof of informal community clients is helpful to the webhost organizations. In spite of the way that distinctive interpersonal organization sites give changing protection levels to their clients, a significant number of these social organizations urge their customers to give honest data concerning themselves to the level they can be OK with. For instance, when utilizing facebook, one can select not to fill the whole data mentioned for in the profile page. By empowering individuals from interpersonal organizations to give honest data, webhost organizations have had the option to adequately deal with the methods of direct of individuals in their informal organization sites. This is on the grounds that individuals will in general depict a positive picture to the open when they can be effortlessly distinguished by others. Also, appropriate and honest distinguishing proof in informal communication sites has been sponsored by different enactments that look to shield the general population from destructive exercises completed in interpersonal organizations. As a rule, individuals with malevolent aims like to mask their character to general society so as to diminish their odds of being recognized without any problem. For instance, individuals with bogus ID in online long range informal communication destinations don't think that its hard to

Female circumcision Essay Example for Free

Female circumcision Essay Female circumcision, additionally alluded to as female genital mutilation, is a customary work on going back to old occasions in numerous African and Middle Eastern nations. It is a technique that includes the cutting, consuming or expulsion of the clitoris, labia and sexual tissues; the points of interest of the system shift by area and culture. Female circumcision is performed on little youngsters for the most part between the ages of five and twelve years of age. A significant number of the young ladies are deceived or constrained into the strategy, which is performed by a lady in the town with information on the convention however no clinical instruction or preparing. While it is viewed as a soul changing experience for young ladies in these societies, female circumcision has no substantial clinical reason. The act of female genital circumcision is a restoratively superfluous one that leaves ladies with perpetual physical, mental and passionate torment and scarring. Female genital mutilation strategies are done any other way in different pieces of the world. At times, the clitoris is cut from the body. In others, the clitoris and labia, the sexual tissues that are outer to the vaginal opening, are removed and the vaginal opening is sewed closed. As indicated by Anika Rahman, there are, â€Å"numerous different methods that have been reported, for example, pricking, penetrating, extending or consuming of the clitoris as well as encompassing tissues† (8). The technique is generally done by a lady of the town or clan assigned for simply this undertaking. It is typically performed with blades or extremely sharp steels that are not sterile in unsanitary situations and conditions, expanding the hazard for contamination and confusions. Performing such an unpredictable clinical technique outside of an emergency clinic and without prepared clinical work force can bring about an assortment of inconveniences, including urinary tract diseases, pelvic contaminations and weakness from overabundance dying. One of the most well-known long haul confusions from female circumcision is agony and inconvenience during sex. Adding to this basic issue is the way that numerous ladies whose vaginal openings are sewed shut are compelled to remain as such until their first sexual involvement in their foreordained spouse, which can prompt tearing, draining and further tissue harm or scarring. There are passionate and mental scars that go with female genital mutilation alongside the physical ones. In Tears of the Desert, Halima Bashir portrays her encounters at eight years of age wherein a young lady is caused to feel exceptional without being determined what explicitly will be done to her: â€Å"In our custom circumcision should check the entry from girlhood to womanhood, thus I was dealt with as though I were getting married† (55). She portrays being held somewhere near her own grandma while a town lady cuts her with an extremely sharp steel and that, â€Å"I realized that some place somewhere down in my lost womanhood there was a copying heart of anguish, however I had expelled my psyche to a spot where it couldn’t be harmed anymore† (57). These words sound like those of an injury casualty in stun instead of those of a young lady that has experienced a conventional soul changing experience, giving a case of the feelings that can be experienced by a young lady constrained into female circumcision with no earlier information on the method. In a meeting with Alice Walker, another lady portrayed how she was captured by companions of her family and circumcised: â€Å"†¦her mother had disclosed to her they were heading off to a spot where there were numerous bananas. She cherished bananas. At the point when they showed up, she was caught by ladies she’d never observed, nailed somewhere near them, circumcised, and saved isolated for two weeks† (Walker 42). Various records reflect recollections of burning physical agony, tearing, dying, and blacking out. The acknowledgment this is done to a young lady when she is as youthful as five years of age causes the technique to appear to be considerably progressively fierce. The genuine procedure of female circumcision is distinctive in every nation that rehearses it as are the explanations for it. There are no substantial clinical purposes behind the method, and most nations that training female circumcision hold it as a social convention or transitional experience as opposed to a strict ritual. Rahman states, â€Å"It is critical to take note of that female circumcision is a social, not a strict practice. The training originates before the appearance of Christianity and Islam in Africa and isn't a prerequisite of either religion† (6). In these nations, most ladies are viewed as the property of their families until they are offered away to the spouses their folks has decided for them to wed, and it is viewed as essential to go to marriage explicitly unadulterated and a virgin. It is put stock in these societies that female circumcision is one approach to smother sexual desires, to forestall sexual movement, and to guarantee that a girl’s virginity is kept unblemished. A young lady that isn’t circumcised is viewed as filthy, unclean, and explicitly degenerate. Ayaan Hirsi Ali portrays how, during her youth in Somalia, â€Å"†¦little young ladies were made ‘pure’ by having their private parts cut out†¦I was a Somali lady, and along these lines my sexuality had a place with the proprietor of my family, my dad or my uncles†¦the place between my legs†¦would be broken uniquely by my husband† (Ali 31, 72). This mentality is a usually acknowledged one in nations that training female circumcision, driving moms to expose their girls to a similar practice that was done to them and frequently bamboozle them so as to constrain them to submit to convention. Numerous young ladies are encouraged that they will be genuinely messy and unacceptable for any man to need to wed and will subsequently carry disgrace and shame to their families on the off chance that they are not circumcised to keep them unadulterated until marriage. Rheman states, â€Å"Refusing to experience female circumcision may risk a woman’s family relations, her public activity or her capacity to discover a spouse† (25). Since a large portion of these young ladies stay in their home towns their whole lives, the idea that not all ladies experience this strategy is regularly unimaginable to them. Halima Bashir relates how, when she disappeared to school and experienced young ladies her age that hadn’t been compelled to experience circumcision, â€Å"At first I didn’t trust it. I had recently assumed that all young ladies experienced their cutting time† (145). In spite of the fact that it might be custom, there is evidence that female circumcision damages women’s human rights and ought to be illicit. The worldwide arrangement known as the Women’s Convention safeguards ladies against human rights infringement and sexual separation. As per the show, states Rheman, â€Å"female circumcision must meet two head measures. One, it must be a differentiation dependent on sex and two, it must have the impact or motivation behind disabling the equivalent satisfaction in rights by ladies. Female circumcision fits inside this meaning of sex discrimination† (21). Female circumcision is expected to prevent ladies from encountering physical joy during sex or in any event, having the option to engage in sexual relations outside of their authorized marriage, making it a type of sex separation. Female circumcision has the right to be perceived as a custom in the African and Middle Eastern nations in which it has been polished. Be that as it may, its acknowledgment doesn't warrant the proceeded with misuse and infringement of human privileges of the ladies in these nations. These ladies are exposed to long periods of physical agony, sexual issues, diseases and childbearing confusions. These techniques are dispensed upon them without their assent and without advising them regarding the wellbeing dangers or options. It speaks to an obsolete perspective on ladies where they are underestimated and rewarded as property rather than free-suspecting people with equivalent rights and voices. Female circumcision may be convention, yet it’s one that should be banned for the wellbeing and security of ladies and for the sake of maintaining the human privileges surprisingly. Works Cited Bashir, Halima. Tears of the Desert. New York: Ballantine, 2008. Hirsi Ali, Ayaan. Unbeliever. New York: Free Press, 2007. Rahman, Anika, ed. Female Genital Mutilation: A Guide to Laws and Policies Worldwide. New York: Zed Books, 2001. Walker, Alice and Prathiba Parmar. Warrior Marks: Female Genital Mutilation and the Sexual Blinding of Women. New York: Harvest Books, 1993.

optimism in candide Essays - Motivation, Philosophy Of Life

hopefulness in candide Voltaire's Candide utilizes hostile to gallantry as an object of joke against the scholars of the Enlightenment. Candide, the saint of the novel goes far and wide where he experiences numerous troubles. During his movements, he adheres to the educating of his coach, Doctor Pangloss, accepting that everything is generally advantageous (3). The sheer idiocy of these unreasonable ends calls attention to Voltaire's concern with most positive thinkers: the outlandish degree to which they would convey their teaching.. Pangloss' translation of circumstances and logical results is so oblivious as to be humorous, for example, the material science exercise ?. While Candide recounts to a fascinating story, it is progressively significant as a parody. Nonetheless, this doesn't demonstrate Voltaire is a worrier. In Albert Camus the plague there is an alternate sort of good faith. As the plague assumes control over the town and an ever increasing number of individuals begin passing on the principle character Rieux is the one in particular who stays to have a feeling of idealism. Albert Camus was educated to look on the more brilliant side of life from a little youngster or so as per his personal history. Like rieux who appeared to be the one in particular who didn't look for avarice or separation during the amazingly tough time. Scholars accepted that reason could be utilized to clarify everything. The logicians accepted that individuals could improve the world a spot to live in. Voltaire is against such positive thinking. Voltaire decides to disentangle it to the degree that it appeared to be careless and ridiculous, and he proceeded to make us think if bliss was genuine .1-2). As per Voltaire genuine bliss must be knowledgeable about a stunning world. The difficulty that Candide suffers in the wake of leaving Eldorado comes full circle in his inevitable relinquishment of positive thinking. Candide loses four of his sheep loaded down with extremely valuable gems because of common causes, and afterward observes his two residual sheep taken, and the nearby officer apathetic regarding the robbery. Absolutely, [says Candide,] if everything works out positively, it is in Eldorado and not in the remainder of the world (42). Candide goes above and beyond, Gracious Pangloss, cried Candide, you have no idea of these cursed things! I'm through; I should surrender your positive thinking all things considered. What's good faith? Said Cacambo. Oh, said Candide, it is a madness for making statements are well when one is in hellfire (40). Candide's cheerful perspective on life is diverged from and tested by enduring that he experiences, all through the book. Henceforth, Voltaire utilizes the book to show silliness of good faith. Voltaire additionally mocks religion. As indicated by him the amazingly devout and the pastorate are eager to walk out on their individual man, yet the individuals who have not been purified through water are happy to loan some assistance. Candide, not long after the fight, approaches numerous strict people for donations, however they all, including one who had quite recently addressed on good cause, would not help him. At last Jacques the Anabaptist has compassion for his kindred human, a featherless biped having a spirit (6). Voltaire assaults not just the sweeping confidence of Dr. Pangloss, yet in addition the strict part of confidence that there is a cooperative attitude managing natural occasions. The way that great and terrible the same endure and bite the dust is by all accounts proof that God isn't in control. Voltaire accepted that God had deserted the world since he was a Jesuit. (183). the bad faith of religion, particularly that of the Roman Catholic Church, is repetitiv e in Candide. Hidden the parody of strict practices is Voltaire's shock at all types of enthusiasm and prejudice. Voltaire guarantees that strict pioneers fault the fall of man [as the system] we put on all these individual ailments. Voltaire includes, plainly the framework sabotages the very establishments of the Christian religion, and clarifies nothing by any stretch of the imagination (88) , Camus passes on his own way of thinking with a specific goal in mind so his characters are dependent upon his own standards and ethics. Camus accepts there is no god, and basically that individuals should be liable for their own lives ,joy and tolerability .through the eyes of the entirety of his characters .Through his utilization of bogus good faith . Swim says Voltaire annihilates the way of thinking of hopefulness by graphically

American and Japanese values system Essays -- compare, contrast, compar

Japan and America each have their own worth framework that draws practically identical enthusiasm for how it shapes society and examples of association. Despite the fact that there are similitudes between the two-esteem frameworks, it is basic to comprehend the crucial contrasts that manage uniformity, regard, and correspondence style. Understanding the inspirations driving practices will prompt effective intercultural communications. Japanese society shows a sexual orientation base delineation of society. Male strength over female adds to maintaining standards and desires for sexual orientation explicit division of work. Still pervasive and demonstrated after by most family units in Japan, is that the male is ordinary salaryman ‘breadwinner’ that gives just the financial methods. In the mean time, the female is the ‘shufu’ or the full house spouse is liable for the family unit, bringing up kids, and the prosperity of the husband’s guardians. The manly and ladylike discourse designs further refines the sex jobs and the sexual orientation partition in all spaces of society. Manly discourse is obscene while ladylike discourse is politer in subtlety. Despite the fact that the establishments that keep ladies from going into the workforce are transforming, it is trash that a woman’s vocation peck at age 25 and expected to come back to the house wedded with ‘shufu’ du ties. ‘Career women’ are underestimated from society for having a higher status in pay or instruction to bravo. This appears differently in relation to America’s society of equity. Male and female are urged to seek after individual objectives and goals as serious equivalents. The straightforwardness of establishments debilitates separation and empowers ladies to endeavor and advance in their professions in the majo... ... pressing together joy by having the option to make progress toward singular accomplishment and wants. Numerous Americans would return to class to look for better aptitudes or degrees in improving the accessible open doors throughout everyday life. Comparative in Japan, desires by guardians drive their children into the right elementary schools and later, pack schools, so as to excel in view of the assessment culture. At an early age, these children discover that personal growth is the methods for keeping away from minimization open and family disgrace. The major contrasts between the American and Japanese qualities framework is the distinction in individualistic and cooperation propensities. The two Americans and Japanese see share likenesses in time direction and personal development. Understanding the center suspicions of each culture will improve the intercultural associations and advance a worldwide awareness.

Social Construction of Freaks by Robert Bogdan free essay sample

On my outing to come here and going over certain nations , I have the experience to see, it again in Guatemala, Mexico, and The United States, yet the intriguing thing about it was that in each spot, it happened in an unexpected way, in any case the assets, economy circumstance, and training level. It additionally keeps occurring in the life of young people in various scale, issues and hindrances. My motivation to compose this paper is to give you what an ability show is , my motivation to arrange it, when and where it will occur, who will partake in it, and what I will realize by sorting out it. This ability show will be free for all youthcare’s staff, customers and volunteers that give their time as their cash, and the most significant thing is to share their affection and commitments to change a great deal of lives. Anyway, in this ability show 10 young people will perform by indicating various gifts, and every last one of them will get a prize for being fearless to be on the phase before many individuals. We will compose a custom article test on Social Construction of Freaks by Robert Bogdan or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Moreover, there will be an ability champ that will be picked by the crowd in the occasion. The event’s subject will be trust and the view will be finished with various hope’s statements and individuals of expectation. What does ability show mean? All things considered, I was turning upward in the web for the significance of an ability appear. I found the best and basic portrayal on Wikipedia; it depict an ability appear as an occasion where members play out their gifts of acting, singing, moving, trapeze artistry, drumming, military, expressions, playing instruments, and others exercises to feature an exceptional type of ability . It’s in some cases for a prize, trophy or prize, school gifts show grants of first, second, and third spot. What does an ability show mean for me? for me, an ability show is an approach to communicate, show our estimations, and consolidate it whit the enthusiasm and aptitudes that god provide for every one of us. Comprehending what we have, to have the option to demonstrate Its to the world. The excellence about an ability appear, it’s that destroy, skin shading, sexual orientation, religion are on the way, in light of the fact that the most significant are yours aptitudes, gifts, and all the slants that you put in to it; the notions that originate from you hearth, no from your shading, nationality, sex, or religion. Your abilities it’s the give that god provided for you, however you need o discover it and when you understand how extraordinary, and ability you will be; you will be prepared to provide for the world a solid splendid, with the ability to offer light to everybody in your side. Previously, I came to Seattle; I was in Houston, Texas, in a high security migration program for under 18 workers young people whit criminal delist. The vast majority of the children there have criminal records in the United States. At the principal day I was there one children was broking a t. v. with a seat, the protections were attempting to control him. What's more, I was so startling, on the grounds that the greater part of the customers were violents and mean one another; some of them were packs individuals from two distinct sides in California. Anyway, regardless, how violents they were, I found something that astonished me. The majority of these children were no terrible or merited the word lawbreakers. T hello simply did things that were awful, however it don’t need to said that they were terrible children whit awful assessments or awful individuals. What's more, practically the vast majority of this children was listening me, regarding me, and getting alone with me, yet not before regarding them, listening them, attempting to comprehend they approach to being; understanding were they originated from, who they relatives are, and the circumstances that occurred in their life. I found that these folks just have required and still need somebody to tune in, comprehend, and propel to have faith in their aptitudes, limits, gifts, their fantasies. Individuals to do see them how important they are. No one like to be investigated by others, however something tragic about this world is that a large portion of individuals do. It’s simple to pundit and see the awful things that others do, the hard thing is to attempt to tuning in and under thing others. At any rate in Texas, adolescent prison for under 18 migrants, rulers were astrictive, for example we could out to the jail’s yard one hour daily and keeping in mind that that time, the majority of the adolescents were playing soccer since they cherished; I additionally understood that other youthful adored moving, singing, drawing, and make things by hands, the greater part of them were so gifts. What's more, I was having living there for two months. I needed to searching for the best approach to give them how ability, they were, however for show improvement over word. I need activities and models that demonstrate it to them; sooner or later of contemplating it. I accompanied the end to ask to the staff there and get from them thoughts, that could give me a gin about, what to do? to cause conceivable to rouse the children from that point, by indicating their capacities. nyway when I approached to a portion of the staff for thoughts no all responding positive about it; some of them said it to me, â€Å"I can see your great intension; Carlos, however the main ability that I can see in the vast majority of them is to shout, and battle each other’’ this sort of negative analyses didn’t stop me to continuo to searching for an approach to compose something that show my friend’s gifts that at that point, I was seeing them how siblings. Moreover one of my preferred staff and companion gave me what I was searching for. Miss, Edith gave me the plan to arrange an ability appear, she is from, Colombia and the individual that instructs me to utilize a PC, and some Basic English. Anyway, she accompanied the good thought that I have to urge and to show to my latins siblings there how esteem they are; with the thought in my grasp. I started to discuss it with them. I was so energetic, in light of the fact that it will cause them to get more trust in their self. Something intriguing about my way of life it’s that most latins don’t like to be portions of occasions, it mean doing anything in from of individuals. Its fundamental explanation is on the grounds that most latinos don’t like to lost or commit in error from others. Indeed was no simple to get them be a piece of the ability appear, yet tanks of god, they believe in myself and after of clarify them that where nothing to lost, and a great deal to win. After of be certain that the adolescent will take an interest in it, I have to get the reason from the prison executive and the date that it be. She was concur about it, and she was additionally upbeat about the thought she believed that a what I needed to do. what's more, after I chatted with the chief and have her approval. I expected to discover the date and time, along these lines the end of the week was an incredible time to do it since we didn’t have anything to do in around then. Furthermore practically all the staff were so glad to assist me with it. Some of them likewise were intriguing on entertainer in the show; and I was so glad to said to them yes. At any rate the ability show were acknowledged in an April’s weekend at the huge family room of the C zone; the ability appear there was very rouse for the young people and laborer there and furthermore it was very motivate for me, since its truly did a major effect and a constructive encounter for every one of us. My involvement in ability and expectation in Seattle, Washington I truly don’t know how, Seattle started to be a major piece of my accomplishments and objectives. What's more when the movement programs send me, from Texas to here, I thought I andwas going to the capital of the United States. I never imagnated that Seattle, was my goal, the city of the United States, that completely changed myself in a major scale. Anyway, I was move from a high security migration program to a typical movement program for under 18 outsiders. The program is call. Casa de los amigos that in English is mean; something like, home of the companions, in casa practically all the staff communicate in English, and Spanish, for me it was an extraordinary chance to become familiar with some fundamental English; around then I didn’t communicate in English, and casa’s staff where constantly glad to assist me, with it. Furthermore, consistently I was finding out additional, and more English’s words on a couples of days, I realized how to present myself, and some significant English’s question. For example, to request food and other sort of things. At any rate casa’s kids were very abilities most them wanted to sing a move others enjoyed better to draw, gymnastic, to play soccer, and recount stories. What's more, in casa I never sorted out an ability appear, yet I was consistently urge them to don’t be humiliating going to move, or sing and so forth a portion of the casa kids where desesperated, and they persuaded fixate on to be in a spot where, they can’t go out and the way that we didn’t have any family close of us. It was extremely hard, we latins are familiarize to consistently be all together, on the grounds that it is our most significant worth, I knowing it. I started to urge them to be tolerance with the staff there, and their cases. I realized that don’t matter how terrible or great do you feel about it, time will be time and is passing, it can’t stop. The fact is the means by which to utilize it and accept wrap about the open doors we have there, we could speak with our family by telephone 2 time seven days. We likewise have a ton Latin food, and perhaps the best thing in casa is that you can go outside 2 times each day. It never will occur in the vast majority of the migration programs in the Unite State. As far as I can tell I can say that; Casa de los Amigos is outstanding amongst other program in The United States for migrants under 18. At the point when one of my companions conversed with me about how, baffle, dismal and urgent he was feel. I simply give my approach to see the circumstance, and show him the huge noteworthy and positive things that we had there. I put them to consider the chance to develop how a young and utilize the time learn

How to Write a Paper About Yourself

How to Write a Paper About YourselfSo, you want to know how to write a paper about yourself. You have been thinking about it for a while and now have the confidence that you will write about your life in your paper. This is a great skill to have when preparing a speech or a presentation to make your audience realize that you have thought of this presentation or speech before.If you are looking for a way to how to write a paper about myself, you will need to figure out exactly what I am trying to say. In my case, I want to convey to the audience the meaning behind my essay. This can be very important when preparing to give a speech to a group of people. It is like if you are trying to get a group of people to be receptive towards a speech.What we have mentioned to prepare a speech is to prepare to be knowledgeable in the topic of the speech. But, with the rise of college students and their advanced level of knowledge, this becomes more difficult. That is why they look for a way to how to write a paper about myself. When this is done, the students are ready to go to a campus that will help them find a career or degree. This is a good way to make them happy.In order to how to write a paper about myself, you have to find an essay that is made from information. This can be a student who has just graduated and is going to attend college soon. If you are looking for a way to how to write a paper about myself, this can be a great way to make your point about the graduation or the new student's first year.You can also use this as a starting point to make your essay more interesting. For example, you can include details about your life. Tell about your careeror you could give your best business advice. If you want to know how to write a paper about myself, you will want to find a source for this kind of essay. The best sources will give you the writing style that you are looking for.The information on college students is a very big issue. They are a lot more open in shar ing their opinion with other students. With the advancement of technology, they are also getting jobs and other opportunities that other kids are not getting. They have an edge because of their experiences and it is this that makes them successful.In order to write this kind of essay, you will have to think about what kind of words would work best for your topic. They should be short and concise and give an insight on what your opinions are on a topic. The way to how to write a paper about myself does not only start when writing about yourself but with the paper you need to take a step back and take a look at how you can improve your life.Lastly, you need to know that there are various ways to write a paper about myself. This will depend on your situation. You should be able to determine the right path for you based on your current knowledge. There are ways to write a paper about myself but you will need to figure out what you want to write about.

Factors Contributing to French and American Defeats - 550 Words

Factors Contributing to French and American Defeats (Essay Sample) Content: NameProfessors NameCourse NameDateFactors Contributing to French and American Defeats in the 1st and 2nd Indochina WarsThe end of World War II was a relief to some countries since it marked the end of a large-scale armed conflict. However, it also culminated in the onset of armed resistance against colonial powers such as France in the colonized territories under their control. The 1st Indochina War was one such display, and it resulted in the withdrawal of French forces from Vietnam. American interest in the region instigated the 2nd Indochina War, which ended with similar results as the US eventually withdrew from Vietnam as well. In both conflicts, Vietnamese casualties far outnumbered those of French and American forces but the locals still prevailed and eventually won each war. Although these two Western powers had different reasons for being in the region, their withdrawals lead to questions about the military and political similarities that resulted in their de feats by the Vietnamese.The French presence in Indochina dates back to their colonization of the region in the 1850s, although they later lost the area to Japanese forces during World War II (Buckley 2). In 1945, the region was surrendered back to French forces instead of granting independence to Vietnam and in turn, the Viet-Minh declared their will to fight for freedom under Ho Chi Minhs leadership (Buckley 3). Local support in favor of Vietnamese independence meant that the peasant population positively supported the Viet-Minh in the 1st Indochina War (Buckley 3). The peasant population was primarily located in the countryside and, therefore, the environment favored the Viet Minhs guerrilla tactics as opposed to the direct strategies employed by French forces (Buckley 4). These conflicts culminated in a final French defeat at their stronghold in Dien Bien Phu in 1954. After this defeat, they cut their losses and withdrew from North Vietnam with their total fatalities numbering ov er 50,000 by then (Buckley 5).Shortly after the French withdrew, Vietnam was split along the 17th Parallel with a communist-backed north and a Western-backed south (Bui 1). American support of the corrupt South Vietnamese government meant that the countrys peasant majority had negative views of the US even before it became actively involved in the war (Bartholomees 14). The Viet Cong utilized guerilla tactics during the 2nd Indochina War and the massive casualties it incurred, along with the civilian toll in North and South Vietnam, led to increased local support and volunteerism (Bui 6). On the other hand, the US government deliberately misinformed its citizens about its progress in Vietnam and public support for the war reduced dramatically when this came to light (Morales 210). The Tet Offensive was quickly quelled by US forces but further reduced public support for the war after the American public saw the price the Vietnamese were willing to pay to win the war (Morales 212). Th erefore, the US withdrew from Vietnam due to increased political pressure on the home front, not its inability to win battles.In the 1st and 2nd Indochina wars, Vietnamese forces faced superior military powers and prevailed. Their guerilla tactics utilized...

Witches And The Witch Trials - 1887 Words

In Europe from the late fifteenth to early seventeenth centuries many people, both men and women, were persecuted as witches. The reasons for the persecution of individuals as witches included gender discrimination, religious fanaticism, an explanation for the otherwise unexplainable events that took place, and even as a way for secular officials to gain more wealth. Misogyny being a cause to the witch trials may have resulted from the new roles of women in society conflicting with the traditional views of women as sinful, and also accounts for why the majority of individuals persecuted were women. A religious spark was ignited during the Protestant Reformation as people became more religiously devoted and wanted to eliminate threats to their faith, such as witches. Many strange occurrences such as disease or even non-harmful events that were simply unexplainable led people to believe witches as the causes. Some people may have not even believed another person to be a witch but may h ave just wanted wealth and that person’s possessions and declared them a witch for that reason. All these factors contributed to the period now known as the witch craze, which resulted in the torture and death of many people. One of the main factors in the persecution of witches comes from the men of the time’s misogynistic attitudes. During this time, women were beginning to take more prominent roles in society, like the notable humanist Christine de Pizan or â€Å"The First Lady of the Renaissance,†Show MoreRelatedWitches And The Salem Witch Trials1272 Words   |  6 PagesHistorians called this period the dark time when men and women hunted for witches known as the Salem Witch trials. European descents brought them the belief in witches and the devil. These beliefs that they believed in so much were from the teaching of the catholic church. During the seventeenth century, people were executed for being believed they were witches and followers of Satan. Most of these executions were performed in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. Mainly all of the accused victims were womenRead MoreWitches And The Salem Witch Trials1309 Words   |  6 Pageswhat when men and women hunted for witches known as the Salem Witch trials. This time will be forever remembered for the people in the town and the victims and family members of the horrifying time. European descents brought with many of them was the belief in witches and the devil. These beliefs that they believed in so much were from the teaching of the catholic church. During the seventeenth century, people were executed for being believed they were witches and followers of Satan. Most of theseRead MoreWitches And The Salem Witch Trials1676 Words   |  7 PagesMary Walcott, and Mary Warren are very important people in the Salem Witch Trials. There are conflicting opinions on whether or not witches exist. However, when taking a more in-depth look at the trials, it is very evident that witches in 17th century Salem did not exist; children were accusing people out of boredom, parents were using this as a type of revenge, and the witch tests were unjust. The 17th century Salem witch trials all started when 9-year-old Betty Parris and 11-year-old Abigail WilliamsRead MoreThe Witches Of Salem Witch Trials1371 Words   |  6 PagesTammen Salem Witchcraft Trial Theories In the 1690s â€Å"The â€Å"afflicted† girls [whom] made the accusations were some of the most powerless members of their society† (â€Å"Part II: The Witches of Salem†). Salem Witch Trials quickly became famous and researchers began exploring the multiple possibilities behind the trials. Although many theories were considered, none could explain why so many were accused and hanged. Notably, ergot poisoning was a highly considered theory for the Salem trials. Farming conditionsRead MoreThe Witches Of Salem Witch Trials1760 Words   |  8 Pagesand is known for the atrocity that rattled the land. This atrocity, or The Salem Witch Trials, began around 1692, several years after the Puritans settled in Salem. During the Trials, an absurd amount of women, men, and even dogs were accused of being possessed by the Devil, thus making them perform witchcraft or wizardry on both townspeople and the townspeople’s valuables. Many women were found guilty of being witches and were executed by either hanging, stoning, or being burned at the stake. TheRead MoreThe Witches : Salem Witch Trials Of 16922179 Words   |  9 Pagesrole did Tituba s confession to be a witch start the mass hunt for the witches in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692? This investigation will include details on the events that occurred after Tituba’s confession in Salem during 1962 and 1963. I t will also include a brief description of society at the time and what societal pressures may have led to this horrific time. The first source that will be evaluated in depth is Stacy Schiff’s book â€Å"The Witches: Salem, 1692†, published in October 2015Read MoreThe Witches : Suspicions, Betrayals And Hysteria Of The Salem Witch Trials Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Stacy Schiff’s national bestseller The Witches highlights the suspicions, betrayals and hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials. In 1692, the commonwealth of Massachusetts executed five men, fourteen women, and two dogs for witchcraft. One might wonder how and why this Puritan colony became so caught up in this witch frenzy. In this book she is able to paint a clear picture of the panic that occurred among the people of Salem. â€Å"In three hundred years, we have not adequately penetratedRead MoreWitches, Sorcerers, And Shamans1650 Words   |  7 PagesWitches, sorcerers, and shamans are all different terms used to describe persons associated with other worldly powers. Cautionary tales have been written about them as far back as the Old Testament and in Homer’s Odyssey. While almost every human culture has possessed the theory of a witch, the most well-known witch trials are the ones from the late 15th century to the late 17th century in Europe. Many aspects of European life, such as art and politics, were splitting away from the Church. EvenRead MoreThe Hunt For Witches By William Golding1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe Hunt for Witches In 1692, Puritans practiced purity, worked hard and believed that God was the center of everything. The children were to be obedient to their parents and follow the ways of â€Å"pureness† outlined before them. They were to serve God and not participate in any form of witchcraft. The Puritans believed that anything that happened was either an act of God or the devil. However, the children loved the stories told by Tituba, a Barbadian slave, belonging to Reverend Parris and dancingRead MoreThe Malleus Maleficarum, By Dominican Inquisitors Heinrich And Jacob Sprenger1671 Words   |  7 PagesSprenger, was used by Catholics and Protestants as a bank of knowledge on how to locate and prosecute witches. Though the text was published in 1487, it was still used as the premier text on witches well into the 18th century. The text is incredibly thorough, covering the topics of witch identification, explanations of how witches make their pacts with the devil, and how to effectively con duct a trial. This text was written to be read by upper class members of the clergy and secular governments. The

The Career Of Animation Animation - 1495 Words

The Career of Animation Animation; an art form with the ability to tell a story and convey a multitude of emotions along with information. Animation can be found almost everywhere in media from commercials, to movies, to games. Every single animation need an animator or a team of animators to create it. There are many kinds of animation: 2D, 3D, motion graphics, visual effects. Each of these categories may have multiple people working on them using their own special skills to produce the final product. The reason for researching this occupation is because of my fascination and respect for the craft. I admire the art of storytelling immensely and the creativity that goes into it. I’ve collected information from college websites,†¦show more content†¦Animators, no matter what type, must play many roles and are tasked with responsibility because a team could be counting on them. Skills and Qualities The skills an animator possesses are integral to the work they do. Without their skills, they are out of a job. For 3D animators, they must learn the modeling software used by the company who is hiring them. Using the correct software is key because in a team must be able to easily transition a project from person to person without hassle. Some of the most common software used in the 3D industry are Autodesk Maya, Cinema 4D, Houdini, Photoshop, and After Effects (â€Å"3D Animation Careers: Job Description Salary Information†). Keeping up to date with new technology is vital. Other skills also attractive to an employer, involve proficiency in Adobe products, being able to code, drawing skills, and communication skills (Flavin). Having a base knowledge of many software is a safe bet in the industry. According to Andrew Gordon, directing animator at Pixar, an animator should first work on traditional art because it helps with compositing and creating visually appealing shots. Furthering themselves into their profession so they stand out. Secondly, he recommended working in depth in a single area of the field and excelling at that aspect. In 3D animation studios like Pixar, these aspects could be modeling characters, modeling environments, simulations,Show MoreRelatedDigital Artists And Animation And Visual Effects For Television, Movies, Video Games, And Other Forms Of1443 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Multimedia artists and animators create animation and visual effects for television, movies, video games, and other forms of media†(BLS). When looking at the different careers one could pursue, one should weigh the options before, or near the beginning one’s education, so one doesn t have to redo the entire thing. There are many types of animators, some work in 2D, whic h is mostly drawing; other animators work in 3D, which is using a computer. Animation is a good career choice if one has an understandingRead MoreRecognizing the Advancements in Animation615 Words   |  3 PagesGCC’s animation department consists of about nine classes each term, which are taught by experienced animators. Technology keeps advancing, and 3D is being widely used in the film industry. Yina Chang is one of the talented professors in the animation department. She teaches Art 233 (Character set-up) and Art 235 (character animation). In her class, before they animate on the computer, they sketch it out on a story board to get their ideas flowing. Then, they begin their animation process. Read MoreA Brief Note On The Film Dashing Into Animation 1201 Words   |  5 PagesDashing into Animation Ever since I was ten, I have always been fascinated by cartoon characters that dash off into the speed of light and face an enemy that has become consumed with power, and threatens to ruin everyone’s happily ever after. Without animation, there would be no fairytales, romance, or happily ever after’s. The magic that animation brings to all ages is outstanding. The Lion King is filled with laughter, romance, and excitement. I want to be a part of that excitement and magic thatRead MoreThe Light Of My Creative Expedition Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesFull Sail University, the remarkable tolerant journey for animation has begun and it is a matter of exploiting perseverance to pursue my overall achievements. In the light of my creative expedition, there is someone that encourages me to strive to do my best in all that I encounter upon. Notably, that person is known as the famous John Lasseter. As most animators may know, John Lasseter sprang upon several problems througho ut his animation career, but in response, he discovered excellent methods to overcomeRead MoreThe Art of Digital Animation974 Words   |  4 PagesNorman McLaren said, â€Å"Animation is not the art of drawings that move but the art of movements that are drawn.† To be a digital animator, independence and social skills are needed. Strong design skills and computer savvy will be key. (Clark 185) To be successful or to even get a job the animator needs a proper foundation. Having social skills, years of experience, and even a degree (not often) are needed to do so. The long hours can be fun or enjoyable in the beginning seeing as the animator is doingRead More Technology: The Evolution of Animation Essay584 Words   |  3 PagesMissing Figures Technology: The Evolution of Animation In a world where technology is rapidly developing and evolving, it is sometimes hard to keep up with the changes that are made. When looking back on changes that are made it is particularly interesting to look at the development of animation over history. Today when one thinks about animation it is impossible not to think of Disney and their major motion pictures. The Shreck films, Finding Nemo, and Happy Feet, to name just some of theRead MoreCareer And College Research Paper1432 Words   |  6 PagesCareer and College Research Paper Our world gets more digital every day. Nearly everyone has a smartphone and a computer. Even more people have a TV and if people do they are in contact with the digital world everyday. Multimedia Artists and Animators (MMA) have a big impact on this because they create the illusion of a realistic image in every digital and sometimes non-digital media project they publish. MMAs design 2 and 3 dimensional models, animation and visual effects. These appear in TV, moviesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film The Tale Of The White Serpent 1358 Words   |  6 Pagesart style aesthetics, smooth animation and storytelling. His work in Studio Ghibli had played a major part in my desire to work in animation and to create artistic and compelling stories. But it’s not just me he has influenced and inspired, and it’s in this essay that I will discuss how this illustrious individual has influenced and placed his mark in the animation world. Miyazaki had always had an interest in drawing in his youth. Though his fascination with animation had started during his highRead MoreAnimation : The Millennium Age Of Animation793 Words   |  4 PagesThe History of Animation Animation has been around since the beginning of times. Animation is not just something of the cinema, which animation dominates today. Animation is creating and capturing an illusion of what looks like an object moving when shown in order. So how long has animation really been around? It has been around since the beginning of mankind and continues to thrive in today’s era of animation, The Millennium Age of Animation. People have been depicted animation since mankind cameRead MoreHayao Miyazaki: Auteur Essay1138 Words   |  5 Pagesstyle and give a film  its personal and unique stamp. Hayao Miyazaki is one such auteur whose entertaining plots, compelling characters and breathtaking animation in his films have earned him international renown from critics as well as public recognition within Japan. Miyazaki is probably one of the most influential directors of Japanese animation - or anime - of all time, with his distinctive drawing style and strong story-telling prevailing in all of his works to date, hailing him as an auteur

Biology Prefixes and Suffixes -ectomy, -ostomy

The suffix (-ectomy) means to remove or excise, as typically done in a surgical procedure. Related suffixes include (-otomy) and (-ostomy). The suffix  (-otomy) refers to cutting or making an incision, while (-ostomy) refers to a surgical creation of an opening in an organ for the removal of waste. Words Ending With: (-ectomy) Appendectomy (append-ectomy) - surgical removal of the appendix, typically due to appendicitis. The appendix is a small, tubular organ that extends from the large intestine. Atherectomy (Ather-ectomy) - surgical procedure performed with a catheter and cutting device to excise plaque from within blood vessels. Cardiectomy (cardi-ectomy) - surgical removal of the heart or the excision of the portion of the stomach known as the cardiac section. The cardiac section is a part of the esophagus that is connected to the stomach. Cholecystectomy (chole-cyst-ectomy) - surgical procedure performed to remove the gallbladder. This is a common treatment for gall stones. Cystectomy (cyst-ectomy) - surgical removal of a portion of the urinary bladder commonly performed to treat bladder cancer. It also refers to the removal of a cyst. Dactylectomy (dactyl-ectomy) - amputation of a finger. Embolectomy (embol-ectomy) - surgical removal of an embolus, or blood clot, from a blood vessel. Gonadectomy (gonad-ectomy) - surgical removal of male or female gonads (ovaries or testes). Iridectomy (irid-ectomy) - surgical removal of part of the iris of the eye. This procedure is performed to treat glaucoma. Isthmectomy (isthm-ectomy) - removal of the portion of the thyroid known as the isthmus. This narrow strip of tissue connects the two lobes of the thyroid. Lobectomy (lob-ectomy) - surgical removal of a lobe of a particular gland or organ, such as the brain, liver, thyroid, or lungs. Mastectomy (mast-ectomy) - medical procedure to remove the breast, typically done as a treatment against breast cancer. Neurectomy (neur-ectomy) - surgical procedure performed to remove all or part of a nerve. Pneumonectomy (pneumon-ectomy) - surgical removal of all or part of a lung. The removal of one lobe of a lung is called a lobectomy. A pneumonectomy is performed to treat lung disease, lung cancer, and trauma. Splenectomy (splen-ectomy ) - surgical removal of the spleen. Tonsillectomy (tonsill-ectomy ) - surgical removal of the tonsils, typically due to tonsillitis. Topectomy (top-ectomy) - surgery performed to remove part of the cerebral cortex of the brain for the treatment of certain psychiatric disorders and some types of epilepsy. Vasectomy (vas-ectomy) - surgical removal of all or a portion of the vas deferens for male sterilization. The vas deferens is the duct that carries sperm from the testicles to the urethra. Words Ending With: (-ostomy) Angiostomy (angio-stomy) - surgical opening created in a blood vessel commonly for the placement of a catheter. Cholecystostomy (chole-cyst-ostomy) - surgical creation of a stoma (opening) in the gallbladder for the placement of a drainage tube. Colostomy (col-ostomy) - medical procedure to connect a portion of the colon to a surgically created opening in the abdomen. This allows the removal of waste from the body. Gastrostomy (gastr-ostomy) - surgical opening in the stomach created for the purpose of tube feeding. Ileostomy (ile-ostomy) - creation of an opening from the abdominal wall to the ileum of the small intestine. This opening allows for the release of stool from the intestines. Nephrostomy (nephr-ostomy) - surgical incision made in the kidneys for the insertion of tubes to drain urine. Pericardiostomy (peri-cardi-ostomy) - surgically created opening in the pericardium, or protective sac that surrounds the heart. This procedure is performed to drain excess fluid around the heart. Salpingostomy (salping-ostomy) - surgical creation of an opening in a fallopian tube for the treatment of blockage due to infection, chronic inflammation, or ectopic pregnancy. Tracheostomy (trache-ostomy) - surgical opening created in the trachea (windpipe) for the insertion of a tube to allow air to pass to the lungs. Tympanostomy (tympan-ostomy) - surgical creation of an opening in the ear drum to release fluid and relieve pressure. Small tubes called tympanostomy tubes are surgically placed in the middle ear to facilitate fluid drainage and equalize pressure. This procedure is also known as a myringotomy. Urostomy (ur-ostomy) - surgically created opening in the abdominal wall for the purpose of urinary diversion or drainage.

The Failure Of The American Dream - 1092 Words

The Unavoidable Failure of the American Dream When times are hard many resort to dreaming about their perfect image of what life can be. Their dream will be unattainable because life is never perfect. The American Dream is an idea many thought about during the Great Depression because times were harder for the average working American. The Great Depression occurred during the 1930s when the economy collapsed and eventually one out of four people became unemployed. The Dust Bowl added to the stress of the Great Depression because there was an extreme drought with many dust storms. Lennie Smalls and George Milton are traveling from Weed, California to a ranch in hopes of finding work. Lennie and George have an American Dream to own their†¦show more content†¦Having something that is owned by the person also represents the hard work needed to achieve their dream. Many people have a dream of a great achievement the future can hold. Many character have their own version of the Am erican Dream. Their dreams influence them differently. Lennie and George have the dream of owning a ranch. George tells Lennie a story about owning a ranch with no one to tell them what to do. George tells Lennie this when he gets upset to calm him down. The idea of owning a ranch calms Lennie down because he enjoys thinking of all the colorful rabbits they could own. Having something soft to pet is Lennie safe place that he can go to when he feels stressed. George likes the idea of owning a ranch: â€Å"Maybe we’d have a cow or a goat, and the cream is so God damn thick you got to cut it with a knife and take it out with a spoon† (57). Having an abundance of everything like livestock, crops, and land with so many nutrients so everything will flourish is George’s dream. George stats to think the dream of owning their own ranch could come true because he is used to telling Lennie about the ranch. Crooks has a dream of being free and not judged on his race. Crooks feels lonely because he has no one to talk to, this gives him free time. In Crooks free time he can read â€Å"a tattered dictionary and a mauled copy of the California civil code for 1905† (67). By reading the dictionary and the civil code Crooks is educating himself on the rights he has. Crooks wantsShow MoreRelatedAmerican Dream Failure Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pages The Failure of the American Dream The American Dream; a reality chased by Americans for centuries, based on the ideas of liberty, happiness and equal right to success for all. But, for F. Scott Fitzgerald the American Dream was a materialistic world of permanent riches and fortune. This distorted perception of the American Dream, shared by many others, resulted in the failure of the real American Dream, a reality where one can live comfortably and safely. Instead, the American Dream became thisRead MoreFailure Of The American Dream : The Great Gatsby1758 Words   |  8 PagesFailure of the American Dream: The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald is one of the most representative literary figures of the Jazz Age and 1920’s. He is the author of The Great Gatsby which he wrote based on his love for a girl named Zelda Sayre, who would not marry him until he could prove his success of the American Dream through his wealth which he did not yet have. From this, he wrote The Great Gatsby, a story about a man named Gatsby who tries to regain Daisy’s love through wealth and a materialisticRead MoreThe Great Gatsby EssayÂâ€"Failure of the American Dream1258 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is about the American Dream, an idealistic and illusionary goal to achieve wealth and status. The ruthless pursuit of wealth leads to the corruption of human nature and moral values. Fitzgerald uses characters in the novel to show the corruptions and the illusionary nature of the American Dream. The superficial achievement of the American Dreams give no fulfillment, no real joy and peace; but instead, creates lots of problems for the charactersRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Essay—Failure of the American Dream1269 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is about the American Dream, an idealistic and illusionary goal to achieve wealth and status. The ruthless pursuit of wealth leads to the corruption of human nature and moral values. Fitzgerald uses characters in the novel to show the corruptions and the illusionary nature of the American Dream. The superficial achievement of the American Dreams give no fulfillment, no real joy and peace; but instead, creates lots of problems for the charactersRead MoreEssay on The Failure of the American Dream in Death of a Salesman1480 Words   |  6 Pagesas a land of opportunity. Out of that thinking comes the American Dream, the idea that anyone can ultimately achieve success, even if he or she began with nothing.  In The Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller uses the chara cterization of Willy Loman to represent the failure of his ideal of the American Dream.  Willy’s quest for the American Dream leads to his failure because throughout his life he pursues the illusion of the American Dream and not the reality of it. His mindset on perfection, obsessionRead MoreThe Failure Of Jay Gatsby s American Dream911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Failure of Jay Gatsby‘s American Dream During the 1920‘s, people believed in the idea of the American Dream. It was a dream that everyone was trying to accomplish. It was a dream of a wonderful life. Gatsby was one of the main characters who was parsuing that wonderful life. The one and only thing that was tearing him apart from inside, was not having a girl who once was his girlfriend, Daisy. F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author of The Great Gatsby highlights the meaning of the green color as aRead MoreThe Failure Of The American Dream In John Steinbecks Of Mice And Men829 Words   |  4 Pagescould fit in a backpack. In his novella, Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck uses Curley’s wife, Crook, and Candy, to contribute to prove the failure of the American Dream. To begin, Steinbeck uses Curley’s wife to prove the failure of the American Dream. Curly’s wife’s name is not revealed throughout the story because she is viewed as Curly’s property. Curleys wife’s dream is to become a famous actor and has been since she was young. Curley’s wife explains, â€Å"Well, a show come through an’ I met one of theRead More Failure of the American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman932 Words   |  4 PagesFailure of the American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is a story about the dark side of the American Dream.   Willy Lomans obsession with the dream directly causes his failure in life, which, in turn, leads to his eventual suicide.   The pursuit of the dream also destroys the lives of Willys family, as well.   Through the Lomans, Arthur Miller attempts to create a typical American family of the time, and, in doing so, the reader can relateRead More Failure of the American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman907 Words   |  4 PagesFailure of the American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman    In Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller forces the reader to deal with the failure of the American Dream(Field 2367) and the effect it had on the Loman family, how it ruins the life of Willy, and destroys Biff’s life as well.   By focusing on serious problems that the reader can relate to, Arthur Miller connects us with the characters facing these life-altering crisis.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To Willy Loman success is defined asRead MoreFailure to Achieve the American Dream in The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald1020 Words   |  4 Pages Failure to Achieve the American Dream in The Great Gatsby The American dream is the idea that was presented through American literature. The Dreamer aspires to rise from rags to riches, while engrossing in such things as wealth, love on his way to the top and to West Egg. In 1920’s early settler’s rooted to the United States Declaration of Independence who demonstrates that â€Å"All men are equal†. The dream of a land that life can be better place that is richer and fuller for every man that gives

Themes in A Midsummers Nightdream - 1023 Words

In the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream by Shakespeare, the theme of love is developed through out the play’s characters falling in love and setting. The play takes place in the Green World, it’s a chaotic environment, and the characters in the play happen to be there. Shakespeare develops the theme of love in his play in order to reveal deeper meaning about real life, that one has no control over who they fall in love with. In the play the characters Demetrius, Lysander, and Queen Titania are put under a love potion and don’t have control over who they fall in love with. One can argue that one does have control who they love because they are not under a love potion, however the characters are in the Green World and have no control†¦show more content†¦It’s like saying you know when you hate someone but then something happens and you like that person, it’s exactly what happen with Demetrius. A greater force from the Green World interfe red and changed that and made him fall in love with Helena. Demetrius however is unable to go back to himself and love Hermia, he is under that love potion forever. People can say that a greater force can’t control who we fall in love only ourselves can, but sometimes we might not be able to control the greater force that interferes. In real life, some settings can change us, like the Green World changed Demetrius to fall in love with Helena, therefore controlling who we fall in love with is not possible. Shakespeare well evolves the theme of love, not being able to control who we fall in love with, though out his characters in the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The characters Lysander, Titania, and Demetrius, fall in love while under a love potion, it can’t be control, and they are not even aware of it. This theme, reveals the deeper meaning in life that one isn’t aware of the greater force and that no one can control who they fall in love

Ode To Nightingale By Keats Essay Example For Students

Ode To Nightingale By Keats Essay In Ode to a Nightingale, John Keats, the author and narrator, used descriptterminology to express the deep-rooted pain he was suffering during his battlewith tuberculosis. This poem has eight paragraphs or verses of ten lines eachand doesnt follow any specific rhyme scheme. In the first paragraph, Keatsgave away the mood of the whole poem with his metaphors for his emotional andphysical sufferings, for example: My heart aches, and drowsy numbness pains Mysense (1-2) Keats then went on to explain to the reader that he was speaking tothe light-winged Dryad in the poem. This bird symbolizes a Nightingalethat to many, depicts the happiness and vibrance of life with the way it seemsto gracefully hover over brightly colored flowers to get nectar but, to Keatsdeath, because his was becoming. Shadows numberless at the end of theparagraph signifies the angel of death and spirits that had surrounded Keats. Keats vividly and beautifully described wine: for a beaker full of the warmSouth With beaded bubbles winking at the brim, And purple stained mouth; ThatI might drink, and leave the he used to bury his fears and emotions about death. In verse three, Keats expressed that most people enjoy a full life and die old,when he pens: Here, men sit and hear each other groan; last gray hairs, Whereyouth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies (24-26) He felt that youth was atime in ones life to enjoy. According to him, being rich, popular, beautiful,funny and smart didnt matter because the angel of death was blind. Keats wasafraid of death because of the loved ones he had to leave behind. Heexpresses that with the phrase: And with thee fade away into the forest dim (20)Keats explained that he had wanted to wander off into the forest so no onewouldve had to be bothered by him. In paragraph four, Keats had spoken to theNightingale and told it to go off and leave him alone because he already hadknown that death was coming and didnt want to be reminded of his sad fate. Keats went on to say: I cannot see what flowers are at my feet, Nor what softincense hangs upon the boughs, But, in embalmed darkness (41-43) This meanthe didnt know what was about to happen, only that he was going to die. Hethen illustrated all the creatures and things that would live long past him; Thegrass, the thicket, and the fruit-tree wild (45) In paragraph six, Keats hadlistened to the Darkling or Nightingale singing and this had reminded himof how at one time in his life he questioned death and was even infatuated by itbecause death was an unknown universe when he composed: for many a time Ihave been half in love with easeful Death, Calld him soft names (51-53)But quickly after he had recalled that memory he stated: Still wouldst thousing, and I have ears in vain- To thy high requiem become a sod. (59-60) Here hewas saying how the Darkling sounded beautiful when it sang but that wasjust a mask for the fate that it was taking him to; death. Thou was not born fordeath, immorta l Bird! (61) The immortal Nightingale wasnt put on this earthto bring people to their deaths, according to Keats. Over generations, the birdhas warned emperors and clowns that death can not be cheated. the fancycannot cheat so well As she is famd to do (73-74) Here he had stated thatthe rich could not buy their way out of death because that was all theNightingale had come to do. The song of the Nightingale had faded and Keatscomposed, thy plaintive anthem fades and now ?tis buried deep (75 77) and he didnt know if it was real or if he had dreamed the wholething. Keats wasnt sure if he was still alive or had died. ?Do I wake orsleep? (80)

Principles of Marketing Nike Inc free essay sample

Principles of MarketingNike, Inc11/25/2010| Prepared by: * Menino Pereira * Karthik Gowda * Shreyans Sethi Prepared by: * Menino Pereira * Karthik Gowda * Shreyans Sethi * Nike’s mission statement is all about combining the love for sports with a mutinous and headstrong nature to think out of the box by means of innovation and inspiration (Katz 1994) * Nike’s mission statement is all about combining the love for sports with a mutinous and headstrong nature to think out of the box by means of innovation and inspiration (Katz 1994) Principles of Marketing Principles of Marketing TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION3 The Story So Far3 MARKETING ORIENTATION3 Types of Orientation4 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE7 Porter’s five forces7 Porter’s Generic Strategies9 The MARKETING MIX11 Product11 The Ansoff Matrix13 BCG Matrix14 Product Life Cycle16 Price19 Nike’s pricing Strategies20 Price versus Promotion Matrix21 Price versus Quality Matrix22 Place (Distribution)23 Nike -Direct Marketing24 Nike Indirect Marketing (Wholesalers Retailers)25 Value added services – Intermediaries25 Distribution strategies25 Promotion26 Nike’s promotional strategies27 Communication Model28 SWOT ANALYSIS OF NIKE INCORPORATED30 Strengths:30 Strong Brand Image30 Supplier Diversity30 High Growth31 Weakness:31 Recent Setbacks31 Child Labour and Sweat Shops31 Opportunities:31 New Product Launches31 Growth of e-Retail Industry32 Threats:32 Increase in Counterfeit Products32 Increase in Wage Rates32 Intense Competition32 UNDERSTANDING AND SUSTAINING COMPETITION33 REFERENCES34 INTRODUCTION Blessed from the mighty heavens by the Greek Goddess of Strength, Power and Victory read Nike; the brand has always captured one’s imagination and strengthened its position among the upper echelons of marketing icons. Nike’s marketing strategy draws your attention by interrupting you, attracting you, ensnaring you and finally and most importantly satisfying you. In a recent conference, Paul Knight , the charismatic founder and ex- CEO of Nike chose a divergent outlook to most other speakers on the subject of choosing Nike over competition. He asked people who run to rise from the comfort of their seats. He then asked those who run three or more times a week to keep standing. He looked on and `exquisitely announced –We are for you. â€Å"When you get up at 5 o’clock in the morning to go for a run, even if it’s cold and wet out, you go. And when you get to mile 4, we’re the one standing under the lamp post, out there in the cold and wet with you, cheering you on. We’re the inner athlete. We’re the inner champion. † â€Å"Just Do It is more than a tag line, it’s a motto. It’s a cheer. It’s a rallying cry† (Sinek 2010). A sublime demonstration which augments market segmentation, fortifies positioning, empowers brand building, and exemplifies relationship management in a snapshot, slowly and yet subtly hitting the sweet spot. The Story So Far More than 25 years ago, Co-founder Bill Bowerman used a waffle iron to conjure up a new sole for a pair of running shoes. Nike hasn’t looked back since. Innovation has been the mainspring for a company exalting in its enduring success. With insufficient funds to indulge in advertising, Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman took to the streets, selling shoes at local athletic meets from the backs of their trucks. The word-of-foot gripped the sporting fraternity and marked the beginning of Nike’s success on track. Then came the late 80’s and with it the pain of losing out on sales to Reebok who introduced training shoes, tailor made for a growing breed – health conscious women. In a bid to regain market share, Nike played to their strength and countered punched with new models of shoes designed for various sports as per customer requirements. This was the phase when Knight and Bowman realized the importance of aggressive marketing coupled with product innovation and began to invest a princely part of corporate revenues towards marketing and advertising. By the early 90’s, Nike was ranked as one of the best advertisers in the world, soulfully striking one’s emotional chords rather than the rationale ones (McDonough and Braungart 2002). MARKETING ORIENTATION In the earlier days, Nike was known to be a product oriented organization. The motto was to just plainly and simply just sell shoes . Gradually that changed as a function of time with the focus shifting to a more customer oriented approach. Prime importance was given to the consumer by endlessly striving to develop new and high quality products catering to their specific needs whilst endearing them with the feel good factor(Armstrong ,Harker ,Kotler and Brennan 2009:41) Question is can an organisation only survive and continue to grow in the market by just being customer oriented? Well it is imperative to be customer oriented because if any organisation fails to value the importance of the customers and wants to trade on its own terms then in this competitive world, such an organisation will cease to exist. The only exception to this is that when an organisation works in a monopoly market which does not exist these days. Organisations have the onus of keeping the stakeholders happy. Stakeholders are those groups without whose support the organization would be a meltdown. They generally comprise of investors, creditors, suppliers, community and consumers. Barring the consumers, the other stakeholders will only be happy when they get suitable return on their investments, job and growth opportunities etc. In this context, it’s worth mentioning MBO i. e. Management by objective which simply refers to motivate and channelize one’s efforts by suitably awarding or remunerating them and getting the best out them. The individuals think at the end of the day that they have achieved their objective. But it is paramount to keeping them motivated as they would head towards attaining the organisations targets and objectives. So, as a whole Nike is customer as well as sales oriented because only such organisations that are bi-oriented make it to the top and sustain rather than the ones who fail to recognise the importance of the blend. Types of Orientation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Adapted from Principles of Marketing (David Jobber) Product Oriented Product oriented organisations are those which centre its activities on continually improving and refining it’s products or services so that customers get the best value for the money spent on these products or services. In simple words, in this type of orientation organisations look for ways how to delight their customers. Innovation and quality management is the key to be successful using this marketing strategy. The earlier approach used by some business that whatever is put forward to the customer, he/she will accept it or that there is buyer for everything that a manufacturer produces does not work any longer. Nowadays, organisations have realised the importance of treating their customer’s views seriously and put them into account whenever new products or services are launched . This involves managerial functions of research and development, design, testing, marketing, quality management and various other functions. Nike used to be a product oriented that constantly endeavoured to innovate with products that are comfortable, durable and value for money. In the early days, they would just manufacture shoes and aggressively sell them. But in the late 80’s, it became apparent that they were missing a trick as Reebok overtook them in sales by catering to market needs. This is when there was a realization that a product oriented approach was inhibiting and a customer focussed outlook was the best way forward. A virtual group was formed within the organization to set about working on ways and means of approaching the market along with the perceptions, culture changes and a different thought process about business(Velsor, McCauley and Rudeman 2010:324) . The rest is history! Market/Customer Orientation A market orientated company is one that organises its activities, products and services around the wants and needs of its customers. Until recently not many organisations were customer oriented. A major swing towards market-orientation has led to intensified market research and product ranges carefully designed to fir customer preferences. In these customers wants and needs are given penultimate preference rather than developing products which are just imposed on the customers. Being market oriented makes the companies less vulnerable to product failures as in the first place the products are developed and introduced at the right time as per the customers’ needs. Organisations treat this with utmost importance and have able people with a foresight hired to handle the customer preoccupied department (Heiens 2000) Nike has gauged this and strived to be highly customer oriented. They have their designers and strategists work around the year to develop products and making sure that they are introduced in the market at the right time . Timing of the launch of product is very important for the product to become a cash cow. They have seen steady rise in profits since the time that they have started treating customer’s views and financial conditions prevailing in the market at any given time with importance. For example, in the times of recession there is no point of launching a luxury shoe in the market. The people are anyways bearing the brunt of a depressed economy and would become very cautious of what they are spending on during such hard times. Instead, it would be wise to introduce a shoe which is not very expensive -something like a ‘budget shoe’. What this will do is that it will help Nike in the long term by keeping the customers loyal to them even during recession times. People will associate with them more as they will see Nike as a company who still looked after the customers’ interests during tough times and will also help Nike build a good image of it in the minds of the people. By employing such strategy it is also possible that Nike may be able to attract customers who were using other brands as Nike is providing better quality shoes at a lesser rate. This can help generate new business even in hard times. Also, Nike was a pioneer in coming up with a product named â€Å"NIKEID†. This is a service that helps people to customise a product for themselves. This was a giant step by Nike to provide customers with a personalised experience thereby giving them an impression of well looked after and cared for. This was a masterstroke in terms of generating more business, increasing customer loyalty and probably referrals. Hence as Market/Customer Oriented, Nike should continue to – Carry out research as to what customers want and develop products on lines of customer research. The company should also think of new ideas to keep the customers happy and test new products in smaller market before launching them into wider market to ensure what has been developed is in line to what people want. Sales Oriented Such an organisation’s main objective is to maximise the profits at any cost. This kind of orientation is also necessary as the main aim with an organisation is created is to earn profits via sales. It has a liability towards its stakeholders to show that it’s doing well and progressing steadily or at least it’s stable and sustainable in the long run. People get confidence in any organisation when they foresee a reasonable rate of return on their investment or probably the amount of labour they put in taking the organisation ahead. Since, long profit has been an indicator of the health of an organisation, the first thing that people ask is whether an organisation is making profit or loss or at least is it breaking even. Hence, to answer these questions and keep everyone happy and interested in the organisation, companies have to adopt a sales oriented strategy as well. Sales oriented organisation helps itself to grow fast since profits can be earmarked for growth plans in other countries or probably for introduction of new product lines. Nike has got their strategy bang on in the sales orientation area. Their low manufacturing costs and high selling price has helped them scale unprecedented heights. Revenue generation of 19 million and a net income of 1. 9 million in 2010 are sums that speak for themselves. The soaring profits have helped them further invest in diversifying and entering new markets. This has also kept all stakeholders involved content in terms of monetary as well as non-monetary benefits. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Competitive advantage can be defined as a set of exclusive features and offerings of a company that are perceived by markets to be a step ahead of competition (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel 2010:39). By constantly embarking on innovative time and again, Nike has come to be known as the most successful player in the past and continues to be today. How has Nike become the biggest player of the game? How has it successfully captured almost half of the market in sport sector? Well, they JUST DID IT and are continuing to JUST DO IT! Roots to competitive advantage: It is obvious that it has not been a red carpet journey for Nike. The way Nike whiffs at the opportunities and with the way it approaches challenges makes it unconquerable. Apart from having vital and enthusiastic workforce and entrepreneurial attitude, its wide range of quality products, effective efficient marketing tactics and strong presence in e-retail industry give Nike an extra edge. Price and product differentiation, an impact the swoosh logo has created, greater benefit (utility) to customers are a few reason why company is still at the top. Corporations often seek to achieve both productivity and differential advantages but only a few succeed. Nike features right up top. Porter’s five forces Sustainable competitive advantage is when one company’s value creating products are impossible to imitate by its competitors. Michael Porter’s model helps to understand the sources of Nike’s sustainable competitive advantage over its rivals. Adapted from Competitive Advantage (Michael Porter) Threat of new entrance Apart from the usual suspects, competition cannot be underestimated from new contestants in the industry. This affects the business more or less in a negative manner with the newbies eating into the profits of the already established brands. In the case of Nike, new competitors like Under Armour are rapidly move up the ranks and are certainly the ones to be watched out for. Threat of substitute products This threat thrusts the company towards constant innovation and also pushes to produce cost effective products. Nike felt the ill effects of Doc Martens persuasion of making young buyers experience hiking style sneakers in place of traditional shoes. Bargaining power of customers Consumers dont just buy a product for its attributes. They purchase it for the experience, value and the emotional benefit that the product provides. During intense competition, technological lead is not enough and the company must possess strategic marketing and presenting capabilities. It is very important to make the buyer a feel that they have purchased the best available product in the market. Nike is in a position of strength having accumulated a loyal customer base. All they need to ensure is to come up with appealing products at regular intervals of time. Bargaining power of suppliers How much of a bearing does the supplier have on the overall business of the organization? The suppliers call the shots in terms of bargaining power to companies that depend on one of them and are devoid of any alternatives. Conversely, a business can hold the upper foot on the suppliers as is the case with Nike. Nike does not make its own shoes, using private contractors In Vietnam to get the job done. They exercise control by paying low wages to helpless factory workers and threatening to switch factories in case of anomalies (Lussier and Kimball 2009:90). Competitive Rivalry This is described as the jockeying and scrambling for position. Cut throat competition ceases to exist over a combination of factors like quality, price and speed. Nike faces strong competition from Adidas-Reebok, Fila and Puma. One’s move is monitored and anticipated diligently by the other. (Lussier and Kimball 2009:90). Porter’s Generic Strategies Nike falls into the differentiation strategy quadrant. Their successful brand management strategies have ensured that their products remain less price sensitive on the backdrop of a loyal customer base. Nike’s position has made it even harder for emerging competitors to break into the lucrative market. Market Share – Key Players Nike has a substantial competitive advantage over its rivals in terms of market share. Its brand image has largely benefitted from its reputation for innovation and quality placing it as number one in the apparel and athletic footwear industries. In terms of e-commerce, Nike is a step ahead of competition with their highly interactive website. They have adopted a merchant model encompassing three pillars of their e-commerce approach: bricks and clicks, pure-play e-retailers and an online store to help them market and promote products. The Internet has helped Nike reduce cost and increase sales. The website has helped them conduct market research and analyse customer’s buyer behaviour. This has helped them spring out exciting promotions and marketing campaigns. Nike has also moved into a strategy of lobal 3 marketing capitalization whist their competitors suffer from a restricted distribution line of attack. Graph of competitive advantage: Altman Z-Score By combining 5 different ratios, Edward Altman came up with a very useful tool called Altman Z-Score which uses statistical techniques to predict a companys fiscal-fitness using the 8 variables from a companys financial statements. Based on this evaluation, we can compa re Nike’s credit risk with others. Nike| 6. 94| Adidas Group| 2. 5| Reebok| 4. 37| Score (;2. 99) – Safe zone Score (between 2. 7 and 2. 9) – Grey zone (exercise caution) Score (between 1. 8 and 2. 7) – Based on the financial figures only, company in distress zone (going bankrupt within 2 years of operations). Score (;1. 80) – Bankruptcy Imminent Nike stands high with the score of 6. 94 The MARKETING MIX Adapted from Exploring Business (Karen Collins) One of the key ingredients of the perfect marketing recipe comes by way of blending in the marketing mix. The key elements of the marketing mix are a set of interrelated entities which are set in unison with one another. (Proctor, 2001: 212). The marketing mix is a combination of the 4 P’s Product, Price, Place and Promotion for any business venture. We shall evaluate the positive and negative impact of Nike’s marketing mix in more detail. Product Product is the company’s offering via goods or services to the customer. A product can be viewed at three different levels: Adapted from Selling and Sales Management (David Jobber) * Core Product It is the main benefit that the product offers to the customer. In the case of footwear, it is meant to protect and comfort the human foot whilst it is on the move * Total Product (adding value) The chief aim is to ensure that customers purchase your brand. Nike has been a dominant player in the footwear market over the years. Their well-crafted design, innovative products, marketing and brand building activities have helped them gain a differential advantage over their rivals. Their packaging and labelling has been state of the art over generations. * Augmented Product(Extended Product) The non-tangible benefits that the product can offer. This encapsulates customer service, after sales and warranty. Nike prides itself on excellent customer services with faulty products instantly replaced without any flutter. Nike warranty time is standard to current markets. Today, Nike’s products are manufactured in more than 700 factories, employing over 500,000 workers in 51 countries. The company, through its Footwear segment, offers footwear products for men, women and children. Through its Apparel segment, it is engaged in selling sports apparel and other accessories designed for specific purposes. Under the Equipment segment, the company offers a range of performance equipment such as bags, socks, timepieces, sport balls, electronic devices. Other segment offerings are brands such as Cole Haan, Converse, Hurley, NIKE Golf and Umbro. Over the years, Nike has changed the way the game is played with its wide range of products. Nike’s offerings have been in the ascendancy with the sales of 175 different styles of shoes in the 1980’s springing to almost 772 different styles in the 1990’s collections to a remarkable 1200 different styles showcased in the 2000 collection. Nike Air Max was the first line of shoes introduced in 1987 with frequent additions in the same product line over the years. The Air Jordan XX3 was its marquee shoe product designed for basketball with the contemporary issue of environment consciousness in mind. The Ansoff Matrix The Ansoff Matrix is a marketing tool developed to help marketers figure out the best way to grow their business via new and existing products and new and existing markets. The four strategies involved comprise of (Kotler, 2006:48): Adapted from Marketing Management (Philip Kotler) Market Penetration Market penetration is built around marketing existing products to existing markets. Some of the techniques involved to increase revenue are promoting the product, professing brand loyalty etc. Nike has invested heavily in drawing up an elevated level of brand awareness to its omnipresent customer base by way of sponsorships, advertising and promotional activities. The company have significantly revamped their supply chain system which in the past has hampered their quest to meet global customer demands. They have also driven their retail based sales strategy to maintain their shelf space with enticing incentives. Market Development Market development focuses on marketing existing products to new markets. Some of the methods involved in capturing a new audience are exporting products, targeting a new market segment etc. Nike has effectively been able to expand geographically with their multifarious product offerings. They pulled off a masterstroke in 2003 signing up Liu Xiang, China’s first gold medallist at the Olympics . This was followed by an advertisement showcasing his muscle and that of a nation with the trademark Swoosh on his shoulder. The result – a walloping 66% rise in sales of its core products in China in what was the start of an intangible treasure hunt. Product Development Product development talks about marketing new products to existing markets. The capabilities here involve innovating new products to replace already existing ones. Nike has constantly been on the run with its technically advanced shoes time and again. The classic example is that of the Air Jordan Lines. There have been a staggering 25 major models of the product released over the past 25 years with variable designs and signature performance re-layers. Diversification Diversification thrives on marketing new products to new markets. It can be classified as related and unrelated. Related means remaining in the same market one is familiar with. Unrelated is delving into a new industry with no marketing experience. Nike has followed related diversification. The Prime example: adding the clothing line to its existing shoe operations. Nike has introduced a 3D soccer game available for download from their website which advertises their key products. This is targeted on a global scale at youngsters who gradually get associated with the product – catch them young they say! BCG Matrix The Boston Consulting Group matrix is a chart designed to help companies analyse the performance of their business units. The market growth and market share dimensions provide a handy evaluation for the company on how to prioritize their product portfolio. Adapted from Perspectives on Strategy – (Carl W Stern/George Stalk) Cash cows earn a lot of revenue and the onus is on stability strategies. In Nike’s case, a vintage example is that of the Air Jordan sneakers. They exhibit low growth but already have a dominant market share. Stars are fledging businesses that thrive on accelerated growth of market share. Companies tend to reinvest their profits back into the business hoping to gain enough market-share to envisage themselves as cash cows. Nike has recently announced quadrupling their investments in apparel innovation and trends citing it as their biggest opportunity in the next five years. Nike has also developed its Nike+ products combining the best of both worlds – superior products and technology. Question marks are new businesses whereby companies delve into expanding markets albeit with a low market share. Companies use share profits from other businesses to try converting a question mark into a star. Fitting example of a question mark in Nike’s case are their recent watches and electronic products designed to capture more market share. Dogs yield low returns in a low growing market. Companies tend to employ turnaround and retrenchment strategies for their dogs or even dispose them off if they don’t foresee a measurable future. The Nike brass decided to sell Bauer Hockey in 2008 in the event of tight margins in hard goods and a flat hockey market. Product Life Cycle Product life cycle explains the history of a product and the stages which it went through. It can be divided into the following stages: Introduction Stage: When a product is introduced, sales are going to be low till the customers become aware of the product and its benefits. During this stage, the companies will try to establish a market and build a demand for the product. Growth Stage: The growth stage is a period of quick revenue growth. Sales start increasing as customers start getting to know the product and its benefits . Sales will increase further as retailers express their interest in stocking the product. Maturity Stage: Maturity stage is the most profitable phase. Advertising expenditure will be reduced. Competition by other firms on similar products will be foreseen. The primary objective at this stage is defending market share whilst going hell for leather with profit making. Decline Stage: Sales gradually begin to decline because of a potential variance in customer tastes. The market reaches its threshold for the particular product. Decrease in sales leads to either less or no profit at all. Air Jordan (Example – 1) Air Jordan, also simply as  Jordan’s  are a brand of shoes and athletic apparel produced by  Nike  originally designed for a very well-known professional  NBA  basketball player  Michael Jordan. The Air Jordan line is now sold by the  Jordan Brand  subsidiary of Nike. Since its first release in 1985, there have been new designs of the shoe released each year and have been making decent profits even after Michael Jordan retired from the NBA. Below is the Life cycle for this product: Nike introduced the first series of Air Jordan shoes in 1985, there were a multiple series released till date. The above graph illustrates the stages this product went through in product life cycle, which was introduced in 1985. It had a decent introduction, it reached the next stage i. growth by 1992 and made a good amount of profit and reached a maturity state by 1998 and has maintained stability in this stage till date. Nike Hockey Sticks (Example – 2) In 1994, the year Nike bought Montreals Canstar Sports, maker of the popular Bauer skates and other equipment, it then manufactured the series of hockey sticks between 2004 -06 in china. Random testing by health has found the lead in t he sticks far exceeds the acceptable tolerance and because the sticks are used by youths, lead is especially harmful. Approximately 100,000 sticks have been found to have dangerous levels of lead. Nike Bauer has issued a recall that takes the sticks out of the hands of youth and junior players. Below is the product life cycle for this product: The above graph illustrates the sudden decline of a product. Nike introduced different models of Hockey sticks for respective customers in American region in the year of 2008. This product has not gone through the stages which comes before the decline stage, since, quite before the product would start growing, it started to decline since the sticks were found harmful to be played with. Positive Impact: Nike’s gift to the world lies in the comfort of mankind’s happy feet. Creativity has always been Nike’s forte and it comes as no surprise that they have toyed with the idea of customers designing their own shoes. Watching over the process of production of their creation adds to customer satisfaction and gives them a sign of belonging. Keeping abreast with technology, Nike has collaborated with Apple Inc. to produce the Nike+ product used to monitor a runners performance through a radio device in the shoe linked to the iPod Nano. The cricketing fraternity has largely benefitted from the Air Zoom Yorker, devised to be 30% lighter than competitor shoes. Athletes have found the Nike Free edition to be a major boon with the design allowing foot muscles to gain strength by way of less constriction mechanism. Basketball players found the Nike Hyper dunk to be quite useful with its superior shock absorption techniques minimizing the impact of stress on the muscles. Customer satisfaction can be directly mapped to the success of the company. Nike’s capture of market share with its diversified product range has seen its revenue shoot through the roof in recent years. Nike, Inc. , Performance Chart (2006-2010) (USD Millions)| | Global Data Limited 2010| Negative Impact Nike also had its fair share of brickbats with respect to its products. Its futuristic-looking hockey skates bombed in the markets during the late 1990’s. The failure was deduced to be a result of rushing the product into the market before fully straightening out the probable design problems. A good 13 years after acquiring Bauer, and arrogantly making promises that it would revolutionize the business of hockey, Nike eventually sold its Nike Bauer unit to investors Roustan Inc. and Kohlberg ; Co on February 2008, an unassuming fall from grace for one of the world’s powerful brands. Though Nike Bauer was a market leader, it was predicted that the company would find it hard to recover even half the $395 million amount it paid for Canstar Sports, Bauer’s Montreal-based parent, in December 1994 mainly due to the stagnant hockey market. Nike as a company was built on the assertion that low cost and high quality running shoes could be imported from cheap Asian markets like Japan and sold in the US. Nike felt the negative tremors as allegations were rife that they underpaid factory workers in Indonesia – they sold shoes for around about $150 and paid the person making them a meagre 50 cents. Along came the by-products of child labour in Cambodia and Pakistan and unsatisfactory working conditions in China and Vietnam during production. Recently, Nike has brought about winds of change towards its irrelevant practices and is also dedicating its efforts towards environmentally responsible business operations Price Price is one the key component which more or less decides the fate of a company. It is a return on efforts poured into manufacturing and marketing a product. Listed below are the various components of an effective pricing strategy (Proth and Dolgui, 2010: 101) Pricing Strategies Nike’s pricing Strategies Nike’s pricing strategy all comes down to understanding the products, competition, marketing the product and most importantly determining which price point is the best for their product. Needless to say, it is very rare that an organization makes use of all the above permutations and combinations in pricing techniques. Nike is no different with its pricing strategy revolving around penetration pricing, premium pricing, value pricing, skimming pricing and psychological pricing. Skimming pricing This approach dwells on skimming market profits layer by layer. Nike has used this to good effect in setting high initial prices for the new design they bring into the market. This is then tailgated by a gradual decline in price as the design has been in the market for a while and a new product is on its way. Price versus Promotion Matrix Adapted from Principles of Marketing (David Jobber) Penetration Pricing Nike initially started out on the principle of penetration pricing so as to capture market share and then gradually increased prices. Premium Pricing As Nike exclusive products developed; it became recognizable to consumers in that marketplace. This drove its perceived value to a higher level especially with the limited editions of the Air Jordan’s. Value pricing Nike went about setting the price to the degree at which consumer’s place their value on the product. It is at this very point that customers associated themselves with Nike and paid the extra penny, as long as their products remained state of the art and exhibited the cutting edge. Psychological pricing Nike has priced their products to $99. 99 (for example). After all in one’s mind, a . 99 is always cheaper than a . 00. Nike employs a rapid skimming strategy of setting high prices as well as investing heavily in advertising the new product. Generally, Nike shoes current season last for a period between 3 to 6 months where they are sold at peak prices. After that season, comes a process called closeout where prices are gradually reduced. The final stage is that of the inventory cleanout where a take all basis strategy is employed to sales. Price versus Quality Matrix Nike’s quality is directly proportional to its commitment of excellence. Excellence comes at a premium and fittingly so. This places Nike in the upper rightmost quadrant of the Price vs. Quality matrix. Nike’s products are well worth their weight in gold. Positive Impact Nike’s dominance in the market through its vehement promotional strategy coupled with a smart pricing function makes the market as a whole unattractive for competitors. In most cases, it has identified the precise price points across its range of products. The impact of Nike’s pricing strategies can be seen in its overwhelming sales and profit margins (on a single pair of shoes!!! ) as depicted below. Breakdown of costs for a pair of Nike shoes from an Indonesian plant (Lormand 1995) Production labour Rent, equipment Materials Duties Supplier’s operating cost Shipping Cost to Nike| $2. 75 $3. 00 $9. 00 $3. 00 $3. 00 $0. 50 | $20. 00| Promotion and advertising Research and development Nike’s operating profit Sales, distribution, and admin. Cost to Retailer| $4. 00 $0. 25 $6. 23 $5. 00 | $35. 50| Retailers rent Personnel Retailers Operating profit Others Cost to consumer| $9. 00 $9. 50 $9. 00 $7. 00| $70. 00| Negative Impact Nike’s pricing strategy has not always been quaint. The Air Jordan brand shoes were premium priced, released once every year in order to keep the value of the shoe as high as possible and make it a collector’s item. However, this has prompted this line of shoe to be highly duplicated or imitated which has become a major headache for Nike with the virus spreading to the other products just as well. In 2003, the overpriced Air Jordan’s at $200 were biting the dust on store shelves as consumers shifted base to Sketchers (SKX ), K-Swiss (KSWS ), and New Balance shoes who slowly began nibbling away at Nike’s heels. Nike has not utilised all the strategies of pricing. Each and every pricing strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages. Nike can venture into approaches like promotional pricing as an attraction tool for the customer by mentioning the word FREE. Nike can also utilize product bundle pricing by combining products (with a high and low demand) and selling them at a discounted price. Place (Distribution) Place pin points to effective distribution of products or services to the end customers. It is paramount for the organization to correctly estimate the needs and wants of the customers to meet its marketing objectives. Adapted from Principles of Marketing (David Jobber) Channel 1: Direct Marketing (No intermediaries) The direct marketing channel has no intermediaries. The company sells straight to the customers. Channel 2: Indirect Marketing (One intermediary) The first level of indirect marketing involves one intermediary. The company sells its goods to large retailers who in turn line them up for customers. Channel 3: Indirect Marketing (Two intermediaries) The second level of indirect marketing involves two intermediaries. The company sells its goods to wholesalers who buy in bulk and sell them to smaller retailers. Channel 4: Indirect Marketing (Three intermediaries) The third level of indirect marketing involves three intermediaries. The company sells its goods to agents who contact wholesalers who further sell to retailers. From the view of the producers, more number of levels leads to higher complexity and much less control. Nike employs these channels to good effect. Here’s how: Nike -Direct Marketing By 1999, NIKE had opened 13 of their privately owned NIKE Town superstores located in high traffic upmarket surroundings. The first of those was a posh store in Portland which was soon bettered by a larger than life outlet in downtown Chicago. Nike also operated 53 outlet locations focussed on liquidating overstocked and outdated inventory. NIKE redesigned and overhauled their website incorporated with e-commerce functionality. A variety of products were put up for sale at full retail prices (McIntyre and Perlman 2000). Nike Indirect Marketing (Wholesalers Retailers) Nike’s store formats include a mix of departmental stores, footwear stores, goods stores, tennis, skate and golf shops, and as well as retail accounts. Nike store are centrally located and easily accessible. The company operates three significant distribution centres located at Memphis, Tennessee and Wilsonville, Oregon in the US. Then, there are the leased distribution facilities which operate on a comparatively smaller scale in the home country. Nike also runs 14 distribution centres worldwide with Japan and Belgium among their prime locations. Nike controls 338 retail stores in the US and 336 stores worldwide. Nike’s products are distributed on a level basis. Highly priced premium products are saved up for some distributors whereas lowly priced products are readily sold to mammoth stores such as Wal-Mart at cut prices. Value added services – Intermediaries Nike benefits from a strong intermediary nexus. Stores like Footlocker contribute significantly to Nike’s successful performance as an organization. They help in all of the above mentioned aspects(in chart) especially reducing transactional costs, providing after sales benefits, finance and marketing benediction and state of the art storage space . Distribution strategies Nike follows an intensive distribution strategy where products are stocked in scores of outlets. They are readily made available to genuine and interested intermediaries so as to further help them extend their reach to the end customers. For example in the UK, Nike products can be found in retail outlets like JJB Sports , supermarkets like Tesco’s as well as promotional exhibition fairs. Positive impacts As Nike’s market share grew, it buoyed merchants who carried their products. This helped Nike negotiate terms with retailers on location, display and inventory levels all of which contributed to the overall customer experience. Nike towns in Portland and Chicago became an instant hit with customers flocking in to witness the two-story wall painting of Michael Jordan and trying out shoes in the mini basketball courts. Souvenirs and other rarities was a showcase for the latest Nike had to offer and helped in brand building activities. The 53 stores opened up for liquidation served as a handy means for getting rid of excess inventory whilst maintaining control of the brand. Nike’s re- launched website keying in on inspirational content as well as innovative products was met with a phenomenal amount of success. Negative impacts In the early days, Nike suffered from retailer inconsistencies. Imperfect information was received on inventory levels leading to stock outs and misallocations . The infamous i2 fiasco was a rap on the knuckles for Nike’s brand image. It was made an example of as a company that botched up its supply chain unit. It was a deemed to be software glitch and the repercussions cost Nike more than $100 million in lost sales, leading to a depressed stock price by about 20%, which further went on to trigger a flurry of class-action lawsuits. Succinctly, the i2 demand-planning engine ordered for a surplus of thousand Air Garnett sneakers than the market had called for and a thousand fewer Air Jordan’s than were actually in demand. Nike looked at various operational workarounds but at best it was a classic case of damage limitation. The opening of the NIKE Towns and e-commerce applications was a cause of concern for Nike’s traditional retailers initially as it would eat into their business. Nike allayed fears by positioning their direct marketing strategies differently to the retail markets but doubts were still casted on the anomalies of this move. Promotion Compelling promotions and captivating advertisements are the cornerstones of a successful product in contemporary times. Listed below are the various components of an effective promotional mix. Adapted from Principles of Marketing (David Jobber) Nike’s promotional strategies Advertising Nikes legend with television commercials dates back to October 1982 with the first advertisement broadcast during the New York Marathon. Wieden and Kennedy were the creators in chief back then and not surprisingly their partnership with Nike still holds fort to this day and age. Nike advertisements are very appealing and leave a long lasting imprint in the viewer’s minds. Public Relations Public relation is an entity that focuses on brand building and as well as defending. Nike has recently employed the green public relations strategy. This has been a powerful weapon in the corporate social responsibility aspect with environmental issues the subject of concern in contemporary times. Personal Selling Nike endorses the personal selling technique to good effect. Customer assistants in Nike retail stores have direct contact and constant interaction with the buyers of their merchandise. Nike representative’s often train customer assistants on the latest in technology and merchandize. Sales Promotions Sales Promotions are driven around the accelerated purchase of products. Nike entices its customers with discounts, rebates and gift coupons. Direct Mail In the direct mail method, publicity material is sent to a customer within the targeted segment. Nike’s concentrated efforts in recent times towards publishing its customer catalogues has been met with open arms – a staggering 200,000 responses to the catalogue e-mail in 60 days. Internet Marketing The dot com industry has been an emerging trendsetter in ever growing and evolving marketing strategies. Nike has given volumes of ad space to its armada of products via a network of sites. Nike is accelerating Internet marketing campaigns to diversify extensively on the web. The impact of these promotional strategies can again be traced back to the profits at which Nike operates on. Sponsorship has been a key strategy in Nike’s promotional activities. Nike endorses a galaxy of celebrity athletes across all sports. Michael Jordan was an absolute superstar for them in terms of publicity and sales. A whole array of national teams including the Indian National Cricket Team is under sponsorship contracts with Nike. News has just come in of Nike’s win as the official uniform sponsor of the National Football League (NFL) for a deal worth a whopping $500 million. Communication Model Adapted from Marketing Management ( Philip Kotler) Research by Jobber and Lancaster (2009) has revealed that selling is often the prima facie of the communication mix rather than the promotional mix. Nike has efficiently translated all the key factors in efficient selling via their communication mix. Through their marketing strategies, they have reached out to a plethora of audiences and gained a profitable response. They have encoded their ideas, coated them with creativity and pushed them through to be easily decoded by the receivers (customers). The message has been conveyed through a variety of promotional channels as discussed earlier with a phenomenal amount of success. The feedback and response have been overwhelming. Positive Impact Nike has always been a bold marketer. They have endorsed top sporting personalities and teams as part of their promotional strategy on the outlook that customers always want to associate themselves with success. The commercials featuring Michael Jordan were a huge hit with people flocking to stores to buy what caught their eye. Nike’s direct mail and internet marketing scheme has come to be a model of success. Their promotional strategy has targeted specific segments and magically ingrained their products in line with the customer’s secret aspirations. Nike is iconic signifiers of personal health, faith and social inclusion. This has helped Nike propagate their brand, thereby capturing market share in a diverse range of products and generating hefty revenues in the bargain. Negative Impact Some of Nike’s tie ups have adversely affected them in the market space. Nike had to pull back more than 38,000 pairs of sneakers from the market because the logo offended Muslims. Nike has constantly engaged in ambush marketing since the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. Ambush marketing is seen in both lights – creative as well as parasitic but arguments are that a reputed company Nike could well do without it. Tiger Woods commercial advertisement for Nike after his infidelity issues was not well received by viewers and deemed as bad PR. The sweatshop debacle remains a blot on Nike’s otherwise vanilla image. SWOT ANALYSIS OF NIKE INCORPORATED Strengths| Weakness| * Strong Brand Image * Supplier Diversity * High Growth| * Recent Setbacks * Child Labour and Sweat Shops | Opportunities| Threats| * New Product Launches * Growth of e-Retail Industry| * Increase in Counterfeit Products * Increase in Wage Rates * Intense Competition| Below is the evaluation of Nike’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths: Strong Brand Image Nike relishes a very solid brand image, which assures the company both great sales and profits. It is and has been the largest seller of sporting apparel athletic footwear on a global scale. The company attracts customers with a marketing strategy which centres around a distinctive logo and an advertising slogan â€Å"Just do it† which is widely popular across the globe. Through its huge celebrity brand endorsements and strong brand awareness campaigns it has been climbing the top brands chart over the years. Nike ranks 25th in the top global brands list with an estimated brand of value of nearly $14 billion compared to its competitor Adidas rank of 62 (Interbrand, Best Global Rankings 2010). It currently ranks 124 (2010) in the fortune 500 list (CNNMoney). In addition to its lead brand Nike, the company also owns other strong brands such as Umbro, Converse, Hurley, Chuck Taylor, All Star, One Star, Cole Haan and Bragano. (Global Data Limited 2010) Supplier Diversity Nike has a strong and wide supplier base worldwide, which helps the company in meeting its customers needs efficiently. Nike’s belief in â€Å"diversity drives innovation† has helped in gaining competitive advantage and its well-planned supplier diversity program has had a major impact in the way they conduct their business. Its apparel manufacturing takes place in the 13 different countries and the company’s Nike brand apparel is also manufactured in 34 countries by various independent contract manufacturers. The company incurs relatively lesser operational costs as all of its footwear is produced in low cost nations such as China, Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand. During the financial year 2009, these countries manufactured 36%, 36%, 22% and 6% of total NIKE brand footwear, respectively (Nike Annual Report 2010) High Growth The company has been witnessing a strong growth in sales in geographies such as Asia Pacific and the Americas. Nike’s increasing presence and growing customer base in these regions have resulted in a strong financial performance. Earnings reports of highlight how the company’s employees are working overseas to improve profit margins, as growth in the world’s biggest economy is slowing down. Nike’s orders for delivery through late November 2009 signalled emerging market demand will remain strong. Comparing with the previous year (2009), orders from emerging markets for Nike’s brand athletic footwear and apparel rose 30%. In China, Nike’s orders in 2010 rose by 16%, the company’s 2nd major market behind North America, compared with 7% in North America. Nike Annual Report 2010) Weakness: Recent Setbacks Operations may take a hit due to the company suffering setbacks in Russia. Stockmann and Nike agreed to terminate the franchise and announced the closure of 5 stores in Russia from 2010. Stockmann used to operate Nike chain comprising seven small s tores located in Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Novosibirsk, and St Petersburg. As of now, only two stores in St Petersburg are likely to be transferred to another company. This development is expected to impact its sales in Russia. (Global Data Limited 2010) Child Labour and Sweat Shops Nike has been critiqued for moving out of countries like South Korea and Taiwan because of workers demand of higher than poverty level wages. The company has relocated factories engaging in below par working conditions in low cost countries such as Mexico, China, Vietnam and Indonesia. Nike has also been criticized for child labour in some of its factories in countries such as Cambodia and Pakistan. Such allegations undermine the companys corporate social responsibility and may adversely affect its brand image. (Segerstorm 2010) Opportunities: New Product Launches Nike always focuses on new product innovations which helps the company create competitive advantage and build brand equity. Innovation continues to be a cornerstone of the company’s corporate strategy with significant efforts focused against consumer demands for products that are convenient and effective. Recent new products include Zoom Kobe V, lowest-profile and lightest basketball shoe. It also launched N7 Collection, a select range of performance footwear. Further in 2009, the company also introduced Nike Lunar Glide+ and Nike+ Sport Band. Such new product launches will be beneficial for the company in the near future. (Global Data Limited 2010) Growth of e-Retail Industry Rising popularity of online shopping may benefit Nike. According to Internet World Statistics as on March 2009, the internet penetration in the US is about 74. 7 % of the total population and the user growth has been 138. 3 % in the period from 2000 through 2008. The Company can increase customer base by utilizing the opportunity to market its presence across the world through web services. As it is cheaper to maintain online shops compared physical stores, company can save on operational costs. The company already retails through its website and further enhancement of its internet service will prove to be beneficial. With the increase in the internet penetration in the US, the company can foster its growth. (Global Data Limited 2010) Threats: Increase in Counterfeit Products Counterfeiters are benefitting from Nikes brand name, pretending as official sellers on the internet and playing on customer’s confidence in the company. The growing market for counterfeit merchandises has been on upsurge across industries and is affecting the sales as well as the image of the company’s brands. The fake merchandises in the industry are eating into the market share of the branded products through their low price offerings. Since the customers end up buying the counterfeited goods bearing the duplicate brand labels, low quality of these counterfeits affects the consumer confidence and also tarnishes the brand image of the genuine company. Thus the company is prone to these challenges and any underperformance of the counterfeit products can have a major effect on the company’s fortunes. (Global Data Limited 2010) Increase in Wage Rates Increasing manpower costs may have an adverse effect on the retailers, such as the company. In the US, the government increased the minimum wage rate in 2009. Furthermore, many states and municipalities in the country have minimum wage rate even higher than $7. 25 per hour due to higher cost of living. Such increases in the minimum wages increase the operating costs of retailers and have an adverse effect on their profits. With Nike’s employee base of more than 95,000 people, the company is bound to come under pressure due to the pay hikes. (Global Data Limited 2010) Intense Competition The company could be impacted by the growing competition in the market. With rising competition, the industry has been witnessing consolidation wherein the smaller entities are being acquired by or merged with major players. The arrival of private brands in the industry is also on the rise. The company also faces stiff competition from players such as Adidas Group, PUMA AG Rudolf Dassler Sport, Polo Ralph Lauren, Fila USA, Inc. , Reebok International Ltd. and Callaway Golf Company. Rising competition may also force the company to reduce its prices, which may adversely affect its margins. (Global Data Limited 2010) UNDERSTANDING AND SUSTAINING COMPETITION Nike competes globally with a significant number of athletic and leisure shoe companies, sports goods companies, and big firms with diversified lines of businesses, apparel, and equipment, including Adidas, Puma, and others. Annual Report 2010) With $19 billion in revenue in 2010 (Annual Report 2010), Nike is the largest player in its industry, outpacing number-two Adidas by $5 billion at current exchange rates. However, with just 7% of the market, the company has sufficient growth opportunities. Nike can sustain and top the competition by: * Continuing to explore and invest on emerging markets such as China and India. Given its global brand and unrivalled product innovation capabilities, Nike can gain significant market share in the emerging markets * Concentrating to grow its nascent brands such as Converse, Umbro and Hurley. Leveraging Nike’s marketing and logistics resources, each of these brands can double their size over the next five to seven years * Designing promotional as well product bundle pricing strategies for the untapped consumers and segments who are not able afford Nike brands because of the brand’s high price structure * Renewing and extending contracts of key sporting celebrities such as Kobe Bryant, Cristiano Ronaldo and Lebron James. The introduction of â€Å"Air Jordan† by linking up with Michael Jordan was one of the mega success stories till date * Continuing to invest on product development and new technologies, to provide advantages to customers who buy Nike products * Forming partnerships with more retailers to promote and sell their products, especially in the emerging markets * Developing newer and innovative products for youngsters (children) and women (Nike currently holds the number one spot for women’s training footwear. There is still scope to capture more market share in this area) * Supporting more organisations such as â€Å"Livestrong† which in-turn helps the community. (Livestrong is a Lance Armstrong foundation which has been formed to fight cancer. Nike has helped raise more $80 million for the foundation) (Reuters) REFERENCES McDonough W. , Braungart M. (2002) From Inspiration to Innovation [Online] available from http://www. mcdonough. com/writings/inspiration_innovation. htm [30 July 2006] Sinek, S. (2010) Why Does Your Company Exist? [Online] available from http://sinekpartners. typepad. om/refocus/2010/03/why-does-your-company-exist. html [12 March 2010] Katz, D. (1994) Just Do It: The Nike Spirit in the Corporate World. New York: Random House Armstrong G. , Harker M. , Kotler P. and Brennan R. (2009) Marketing: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited Heiens, R. (2000) Market Orientation: Towards an Integrated Framework. Academy of Marketing Science Review 2000 1 Pro ctor, T. 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