An overview of the history issues and laws on runaway children and teens Essay Example for Free

An overview of the history issues and uprightnesss on run off children and teens EssayRunaway KidsWhen children and teens have to deal with abuse, family, depression, or any other issues for an extensive stage of condemnation with by getting the help they may run away. When a kid has these problems and they be unable to get help then why would they stick around and calculate for dad to come home? The process in which our governing body summons and helps runaway children is not up to a standard that keeps them from falling into the streets and succumbing to sex, drugs, and violence. Runaway children and teens who have been record for centuries. Whether it is due to controlling get ups forcing their kids into arranged marriages or legally disowning them for various reasons. During the Great Depression Era, children of all ages would perish home looking for work or food to provide for their families or themselves. Ever since the government passed the child labor laws, child ren could not help provide for their families through a job. So their families either kicked them push through or sent them out to find better fortune approximatelywhere else. They would travel together, hopping from train to train, therefore they were called the Box Car Kids.A little by and by around 1945 to 1963 sterilization laws were passed which allowed institutions to sterilize individuals against their volition. Runaway kids would get detained and if a guardian or p atomic number 18nt did not pick them up then they would be sterilized. The season this occurred in was called the Eugenic Era, it spawned from the thought of making a utopian society. Drug ridden, crazy, violent, s look atd children were not fit to reproduce.Issues for these children usually begin at home, with abuse performing as a major component. When abuse is not noted and solved, or the child isnt removed from the environment, then the child may feel like it is their province to solve this when no one else will. No kid should have to present this, when they finally realize that they cant deal with an abusive parent, sibling, or guardian at home then they resort to fleeing the situation. Some kids are brought up in homes that have been broken for generations, ridden with drug or alcohol abusing parents.Throwaways are children that parents do not want and have kicked out of their homes. This makes things even more difficult when police finally bring the kid back home but the parent does not want them there. This causes mental issues to occur or grow in the child. These problems include diseases such as depression, anxiety, which could branch into self-harm, self-image issues, acting out, drug abuse, underage drinking, along with many other harmful activities. Teens may turn to drugs and or drink at sometimes a very modern age to cope with the hardships they face at home, school, or with personal issues. Whether they turn to them before running away and being exposed to the stre ets or beforehand, there is a high likelihood of it.The law about runaways differs from that of abductees. This matters because of the effort put into each one, for example, chromatic alerts, and simply the effort put into finding the child. A private investigator says, that since the kids moreover ran away and do not seem to be abducted it is a lot harder to get help from the law enforcement, or get the word out by using the atomic number 79 Alert System. (Janis, 2) An amber alert is only put out for abductees because the state knows they are in imminent danger and that they know for a fact that they do not have time to waste in finding them. in that respect should be an alert sent out that is almost as mainstream as an amber alert. Although they are not in the clutches of a specific person or group of people, there is an extremely high possibility of them being in the homogeneous situation soon. The NCMEC or National Center for Missing and or Exploited Children is who people a re supposed to call to help find their children along with the police. The problem is that this board is not very familiar with, at least not nearly as much as the amber alert system. other problem is that the police cannot chase these kids across state lines with no leads or jurisdiction. There are far too many missing children alerts in police headquarters for all or even half to be noticed at one time and be helped. If the child gets outside of the county to city limits prehistorical state lines, to possibly across the country that is just lessening the chance of them being found. The further away from the last place they were seen the less the state and government can or will do for them. Depending on how much effort the family puts in, the story will fade out and they could be lost for an extended period of time whether the child is attempting to be gone that long or they got hurt, legitimately lost, trapped, or killed.Children who run away usually attempt during the summer. Due to obvious reasons such as, they are not freezing, they can sleep, can travel outside with more leisure, and stay away from home for a longer amount of time. Whereas in colder temperatures these things are not available, they usually go back home in a matter of old age or weeks. Most runaways return home in 48 hours to two weeks generally, warm or cold climate. If a child has run away before he or she is likely to run away again for the same reasons if they feel trapped or pressured again by something/ someone else as they did before.On the other side of the spectrum, this is not what happens when the child runs away, the consequence of them sexual climax back home, it is why they felt like they could not live at home anymore. Now sometimes a child will just leave home out of spite, adventure, petty reason or argument. These children will usually return home in a short amount of time, if not the same day. But for the children/young teens that leave home in fear of their own sa fety, or have gotten kicked out may feel the sine qua non to stay away for a longer period of time. A child may have to throw away their own innocence at such a young age and act on their own to take care of themselves, and in so being subjected to a very dangerous environment.When many runaway kids galvanic pile to large cities to hide perhaps find fortune that they lacked at home. There are far too many stories of children running to cities such as Los Angeles. There are cars waiting at mega bus stops to pick up these kids and befriend them then trap them into prostitution, drug trades, or gangs this frightens kids even more. The streets in these places are totally different at night, and in some areas, you dont want to be walking around in any period of the day. macrocosm alone and young they are vulnerable to mugging, rape, abduction, etc. At night they may have to stay in an abandoned building because youth shelters will be full or not allow teens under 18 to stay there. The y are a liability, they are under their parents jurisdiction. If kids go to these shelters then social work will get involved, and they will make them go back home. If the home is not safe then they will find temporary housing until the service gets a court order. But if the child does not wish to do that they will hide out in abandoned places where other kids, or older homeless people, junkies, or gangs stay. mavin in three girls is solicited for drugs within the inaugural 72 hours of hitting the streets. The longer they are out there the harder it is to leave. Drugs seem like a place to go for solace when living in the harshness of the streets. Kids and adults use drugs as a way to overlook their problems, but in reality, the drugs only decrease their ability to survive and find a job if they are over eighteen. Once these kids get hooked on drugs such as heroin, cocaine, meth, it is hard to get out of the cycle of needing a fix. Another factor that is brought into the childs l ife is prostitution. Being dragged into sex trafficking just brings up so many terrible things that happen with this such as disease and rape.But run where when there are 30,000 teenagers who have fled their homes in new-fangled York and only 400 emergency shelter beds, 13,000 runaways in New Jersey with a safe haven for only 300, and 10,000 in Connecticut with room for just 115? Even if a runaway finds a bed in a crisis center, where does he or she go after reaching the 30 days federal limit for sanctuary in an emergency shelter? (Gross, 1) It is a sad thing that these are ordinary numbers, that these numbers for runaway children are possible at all. There are not enough youth shelters, for kids to be able to flee to a haven when their home isnt safe. Children need a place of solace and safety so they do not feel the need to turn to the streets and drugs.Unfortunately, shelters have run out of space. This has occurred so drastically that some cities have had to start using hotels to house all of these kids. This is a temporary and weak plan with many holes that should not have to happen in the first place. A government should spend more money on building bigger shelters and hiring professionals to turn these childrens lives around. Instead, the state is using hotels with empty space to let children roam as they please, and spiral out of control. Really this is simply giving them an upgrade to living on the streets, it is a drug house.The Capri Motel is one of the places child and family services house kids in care. But listen to how one teen, a girl we are calling Katrina, describes the hotel she was placed in for several months (Barghouti, 1). Sometimes there would be other hotel rooms open through johns and hookers and older people, I guess to drink or party (Katrina, 1). That you guys saw(Barghouti, 1). Yeah, a lot of the kids would go cleave out with them and do drugs and party with them (Katrina, 1).When children do get back home or get placed into a foster care they have a lot of catching up to do with their family and lives. If therapy didnt cost nearly as much as it does, then maybe the country could be wedge on a really widespread level. People can make a change to alter the mindset of the government to show this growing problem. One of these countries priorities is to keep people off the streets and in jobs, but with diminishing futures, for these kids, that priority is not going to be fulfilled. Treating teenagers like children but trying them as adults need to stop. Children becoming runaways or throwaways has to be prevented and the signs are seen early so that they can get help. Having someone to listen to them and see signs of abuse, and depression This can save a childs life from being taken by the streets.Work CitedBlanchard, Jayne. Cast shines despite Polaroid Stories. Washington Times, The (DC). Article. 2 August. 2003.Janis, Linzie. REAL-LIFE ROMEO AND JULIET Good Morning America (ABC.) 5 Sept. 2013. Article. 12 Dec 2014.Gross, Jane. Fleeing Abuse to the Streets Shelters Cant Keep Pace With Increase in Runaways. The New York Times. The New York Times, 17 Dec. 1997. Web. 07 Jan. 2015. http//www.nytimes.com/1997/12/18/nyregion/fleeing-abuse-to-the-streets-shelters-can-t-keep-pace-with-increase-in-runaways.html?pagewanted=2.Moseley, Wendy. Teens in CFS care in Winnipeg hotels say theyve seen prostitution, drugs. National (CBS Television). Article. Sept. 9, 2011.Teen Runaways- Parenting Teens. Teen Runaways- Parenting Teens. N.p., n.d. Web. 30. Dec. 2014 http//www.teenhelp.com/parenting-teens/teen-runaways.html.

The Purple Rose of Cairo Essay Example for Free

The Purple Rose of Cairo Essay ask has captured and enchanted audiences since its origination with the Lumiere Brothers and, as it developed, it began to be used to convey messages and ideas. Film started to become a creative outlet that then turned to a catalyst of philosophical thought. Film theorist Sergei Einstein expressed that movie theatre as a work of art, understood dynamically, is just the process of arranging images in the feelings and mind of the spectator.Thus, directors began to realize that audience manipulation was possible through the images and sounds they delivered, as well as through the way these images and sounds were presented it all has an effect of how viewers thought of and interpreted the films. This is especially clear in the German film, Triumph of Will, order by Leni Reifenstahl. spell the film is brilliantly made, with moving cameras, the utilization of long focus lenses, aerial photography, and a revolutionary approach to musical accompaniment, the film was excessively incredibly propagandistic and manipulative at the time of its release.The entire film is a vehicle to promote the ideologies of Hitler beginning with Germanys near-destruction in man War I and depicting Hitler as a messiah, descending from the skies to greet his vehement followers. In the opening minutes of the film, there are close-up and over-the-shoulder shots of Hitler, qualification him reckon rather personable, adored, and somewhat noble. There are too shots of children approaching him, showing that the ideas of innocence and purity are to be seen as parallel to the views and goals Hitler himself.Aesthetically, the entire film is superbly done, and politically its manipulative powers are astonishing. By showing Germany as unified under the divine rule of Hitler, it brought the nation together and created one of the more or less destructive and almighty nations in the 1940s. While film can be used as propaganda, like in Nazi Germany, it can also be used to provoke thought, rather than control it, manipulate it, or deceive it. In Woody Allens film The Purple Rose of Cairo, the audience is pushed to make a motion beyond the appearance of things and consider other worlds, other perspectives.For the heroine, Cecilia, film is an escape and an impossible inspiration. According to the fictitious movie (The Purple Rose of Cairo), the purple uprise itself is supposed to grow in a pharaohs tomb the expression of a perfect love. However, no flower can grow without light making it an impossible inspiration. According to Plato, and to partially to Allen, our relationship with truth is rather grim. When we attend movies we are much like Platos captives, chained facing a undermine wall, only seeing a world of shadows our reality is suspended.But another point is made although we can be deceived by shadows, we are also confident of understanding and drumheading anything, shadows included. Yes, film is an escape from reality and the i dea of universe able to truly escape a somewhat horrid breeding is unimaginably wonderful, but thats just it it is an idea. Change has to be brought on by oneself, not an unreliable outside source, and ideal is an illusion. I as a viewer absolutely love how Allen presents these ideologies in The Purple Rose of Cairo.He gives it an unconventional point of view, setting up a series of contrasts between perfection and imperfection, reality and illusion, benignant someone and being in love with someone, that forces us to think about film as well as the actual content of the film. And this all ties hold up to Platos Allegory of the Cave our life is veiled and we must aspire to leave and become less dependent on the shadow world. What is interesting is that, in the film, Allen makes the audience unsure of which world is the shadow world and which is the illusion.The perfect world becomes the film world and the false one is the desired reality. As entertainment, the film is outstandi ng a nonsensical romantic comedy with a less-than-happy ending but philosophically it goes much deeper than that, provoking audiences to think about reality and the importance of imperfection. While on the subject of imperfection, a third film demands some attention. Alejandro Amenabars The Sea Inside presents a whole new perspective on what perfection in life is. Many people see suicide as a selfish act removing yourself from the lives of your loved ones far earlier than they would drive home liked.However, the question of who is more selfish is posed. Is it the people who remove themselves when they feel no more connection to life or the people who expect those who necessitate to leave to stay, regardless of their misery or feelings of lacking true connection to the vibrancy of life? Thus are the questions presented to audiences upon viewing this film. In my mind, everyone should have the freedom to choose the life they want to live, or not live and to choose what meaning they take out of verbalize life. In Clendines The Good Short Life, it is said that we speak of living life, but never of death.That we act as if facing death werent one of lifes greatest, most absorbing thrills and challenges and that being incoherent and immobile until one only sees friends and family as a passing cloud. Both Clendine and Ramon didnt want to put their loved ones through that, and pickings ones life seemed to be the best solution. Both were vital to the end, and knew when to leave. In my opinion, if someone has legitimate, justifiable reasons to want to leave this earth (such as a degenerative disease), that they have a right to do so.And if they cannot on their own accord due to that degenerative disease, I think that others (physicians, family members, friends) should be legally permitted to assist them. They shouldnt be obligated to assist, but if they give consent and are willing to aid, I think they should be permitted. brand from Breathing Lessons and Ramon were also similar on a few levels, but Mark had more hope and determination to live with dignity. Unlike Ramon who saw his life as undignified, Mark viewed it more as excessively challenging. Mark still desired life though considered suicide, but chickened out showing that he did truly still want to live.Ramon, however, was lost in his melancholy and nostalgia for the past, choosing to disregard the possibilities the future could bring. I think that it is a personal choice and that each individual should be given the familiarity of making that choice. The phrase dying with dignity always reminds me of greek mythology when humiliated warriors would throw themselves on their swords for an honorable death, rather than live life in humility. I think Ramon saw his life as more humiliating and therefore wanted to throw himself on his sword, so to speak.With this, I think that the US should have a death with dignity law. Everyone has a right to life, as well as a right to death. Film is one o f the most influential and powerful media. Its capabilities to provoke, cultivate, and manipulate audience thought is incredible and worth studying. The innovations that film itself has gone through the amount of genres it contains, special effects, and advancements in sound all hold to film as a whole, and all contribute to the beauty of how film is created and suspends the reality of viewers if only for an hour or two.

Piagets Theory: Observation and Reflection

Pia enclothe offs Theory Observation and ReflectionPia foilian TaskFor this problem, I used juicy play-dough and shaped it into 2 balls of the corresponding size. I conducted this task with a boy who is 7 years old and in first grade. I asked him if he would dish me with both(prenominal)thing and he said, Sure, still seemed nervous. I presented him with the two balls of play-dough and he got excited, as if we were near to do something fun.I began by asking him if the two balls of play dough were the same size. He looked at them closely and then picked up each ball sooner stating that they were not the same size. I asked him to make them the same size and permit him know he could use the extra play-dough I had set aside if needed. He added the extra play-dough to wizard of the balls, melding it into the ball, and then looked at both balls again. He took some of the dough from the now larger ball and added it to the other, looked at the balls again, then added a little more , making sure both balls were smooth and round again. This entire duration, he was very focused on what he was doing. Once he ruined, ane of the balls was clearly a still a little larger than the other, but he was satisfied that they were now the same. To be fair, the difference was very small.I then smashed the larger ball down so that it was flat and round. I asked him if one of them had more play-dough than the other or if they had the same amount. He replied with, Of course theyre the same, with what seemed to be a bit of an exaspe measured tone. I asked him to tell me how he knew they had the same amount. He said that he knew this be establish he himself had make sure each ball had the same amount before. He kind of rolled his eyes and let me know that just because one was squished down doesnt change the amount of play-dough it had.I was quite impressed with his abilities in response to my read/write heads during this task. I dont know what to make of the incident that he f elt the balls were not equal to begin with. However, during the process of adding and removing play-dough from the balls to make them even, he exhibited great focus and concentration. Holding the balls, eyeing one and then the other, he do changes until he felt satisfied that they were the same. I had expected just a quick answer either way, so this was surprising to me.I believe that this did ratify Piagets observations, at least in regard to the characteristics of the Concrete Operations stage, which this 7 year old boy clearly fell into. After he finished modifying the balls until he saw them as being equal, he recognized that nothing had changed when I smashed one of them down. Seeing one large round ball, and one seemingly smaller flat disc did not cause him to hesitate when asked if they contained the same amount of play-dough. If anything, he seemed to think it was absurd to even ask that question.I happen to know that this give awayicular boy loves to build things. His fa vorite thing is taking boxes of different sizes and cutting them into various shapes to make whatever hes imagining at the sequence.houses, furniture, rockets, etcetera His p bents take a shit always made sure that he has plenty of random material he mass use for his expression activities, including a mud couple in the back yard, similar to a small sandbox. I believe that his prior background in utilizing a variety of materials helped to en adapted him in this task as well. He has learned, on his own, how things fit together and how to form materials interchangeable mud into various shapes for different uses. While I dont believe he dog-tired time thinking ab off the way his brain and eyes processed the information in front of him, he did spend time thinking ab come out the task at hand by dint of and through the lens of the information processes he had gained through prior experience. He was able to evaluate the balls, and then spend time modifying them to complete the ta sk of making them be the same size. He then had no doubts about the different shapes containing the same amount of play-dough and reasoned that since he had made them the same, they continued to be the same no matter what shape they took on. I believe that all of these situationors contributed to his reasoning and performance in carrying out this task.OSHA 1994 Problems in ImplimentationOSHA 1994 Problems in ImplimentationProblem StatementMalaysia twisting intentness is the higher fatalities comp atomic number 18d with among all the industry in Malaysia table 1 occupational separatrix by sector for the mob of death from 2009 April to 2011 April shown at below. (Department of occupational Safety and wellness (DOSH), 2009-2011). carry outing prophylactic and wellness essential should be part of asseverators responsible. (Dongping.F, et al., 2006, p 434) Contractors accede with Occupational Safety and wellness Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 to holding sanctu ary and health destiny for the social structure situate to make the act powerfully slander the hap rate and fatalities. (Omran, et al., 2008)AimA study into the effectiveness Occupational Safety and health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 in reducing fatalities and injury rates in Malaysia twist range.ObjectivesTo study of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 the effectiveness by directors to apply at winding land identify.To identify the barrier facing by contractor of implementing Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 on construction situate.To identify the implement of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 on true construction localise.BackgroundThe OSHA Malaysia is effective on 24 February 1994(Act 514). An act is to ensure gum elastic, health and welfare of mortals who are at cultivate and to defend other person against safe ris k or health in connection with the activities of persons at work. (Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA), s.1)OSHA 1994 actually is quoted Occupational Safety and Health Act. The objects of OSHA 1994 require written and are under function 4. An object of OSHA1994 is to secure the precaution, health and welfare of persons who are at work and to protect persons at a state of affairs of work other than persons at work against hazards. Not only for that had the act similarly had to promote an occupational environment for persons at work which is fit to doer physiological and psychological needs.The last object of the act is to stick out way or method according related to the occupational guard duty and health legislations can be gradually re betokend by an institution of regulations and permitted the industry codes of arrange operating in combination with the provisions of the statute, designed to notice or improve the refuge and health standards. (OSHA, s.4 (a-d))FM A 1967 (Act 139) is to add for the control of factories with respect to matters relating to safety , health and welfare of person therein, the registration and inspection of machinery and for matters connected therewith. Those machinery which is high risk for operate much(prenominal) as mobile cranes, tower cranes and etc essential be certified and inspected by DOSH. (Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (FMA), s.1)According to DOSH government web lay mentioned that, all factories and general machinery must be registered with DOSH before they can be installed and operated. Factories or any companies require to use machinery their must require to obtain a permission to install machinery by submitting relevant documents to their warm DOSH offices. The permission to install machinery is for each time certificated machinery or new auxiliaries installed.MethodologiesData collections methodologies categorized as two main ways there are secondary writer and primary sources. Secondary sour ce is get information from documents such as personal records, service record, books, journals, newspaper and etc. Primary source are few methods such as questionnaire, interview, case study and etc. (Kumar, 2005, p 118)For this query title is relative with safety and health requirement accordingly the secondary entropy source will obtain a lot of information which is collected from book, relevant title of articles and relevant record publish from the surgical incisions of occupational safety and health.The objective one and two of this research paper which is to study of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 the effectiveness by contractors to implement at construction site and to identify the barrier facing by contractor of implementing those two acts at construction site. The first objective can be achieved by reading those two acts to understand which should implement by the contractors. The second objective can be achieved by reading mo re books to find out the effectiveness and barrier that contractors whitethorn be facing when they implement the two acts at construction site.In addition, questionnaire is appropriate primary data source to get information for this research paper. Because of the research is time-limited and questionnaire is the easiest and quick methodology.Open question is the respondent could be answer in their own words. This open question can be generated mainly qualitative data. The advantages for open question are providing depth and valuable information provided by respondent able to geting their own opinions. Respondents have the opportunity to express themselves freely, resulting in a wider variety of information. (Kumar, 2005, p 132)According to Kumar (2005) say that questionnaires restricted two basic types of question there are closed-ended which called as closed question and open-ended or called as open question. Closed question is researcher set out the answer such as yes or no and let the respondent to answers. Although there is a disadvantages of closed question which is not enough of depth and variety of the information obtained, sometime the answer provided are not really reflect respondent their own view or opinion. Through the closed question for questionnaire is to ensure that literature view the view and ideas that is appropriate for respond from the respondents.For this research paper will be replete(p) 100 sets of questionnaires given to respondents regarding objective two and three will be set for the question. The respondents could be contractors, site staff, site agent, project manager and other parties which experience and knowledge for safety and health at construction site.Guides to Research ChapterIn this research paper will be content total five chapters. Chapter 1 is the introduction and problem statement of the research title. Then is the aim and objective of the research paper. The aim is achieved by through implemented the objective tha t have be set out.Chapter 2 is the literature review is through reading more articles and books or other resources which are doctor to the research title and obtain the similar idea for those sources and write out the literature review base on the objective stated.Chapter 3 is research methodology for this research paper will carry out the questionnaire. The target of the respondents will be contractor and persons who are related to construction site. Those questionnaires will be set out 100 sets and data will be collected base on this stage which pixilated in this chapter.Chapters 4 are analysis the data and carry out the result of the analysis in chapter. After the result had been analysis the issues can be identified from the findings. Those data will be presented by using bar chart and etc.Chapter 5 will be the last part of the research paper. This chapter will be conclusions and recommendations aft(prenominal) those progresses had been gone through. This chapter withal is t o ensure that the research aim has achieved through implementing those three objective and the recommendations will be suggested in this chapter.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWSIntroductionOccupational Safety and Health Act 1994(OSHA) and Factories and Machinery Act 1967(FMA) is a legislative framework in Malaysia construction industry to give promote to the construction industry, advance and assist to have remediate or high standards of safe and healthy work culture. The legislations are enforcement by Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH). The DOSH are under Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia. The department is agency of government to enforce those legislations to promote and enhancing Malaysia construction site quality of working life. (Mudrikah, 2010)In this research paper, the method to reducing the virgule rate in construction industry is Contractors have to implementing with the strict safety and health regulatory frameworks for preventing, monitoring and repo rt adverse events for the construction site. Contractors should comply with those effective safeties and health requirement to effectively minimize the accident happen on construction worksite. (Dorji et al, 2009)Problems and barrier to implement of OSHA 1994Table 1 showing that construction industry is among the highest accident rate and fatalities industry in Malaysia occupational rankings. The highest accident rate and fatalities happen in construction site one of the reason may because the act is not effective and there have a legal loophole.Before amend the OSHA 1994 section 29 safety and health military officer there is no penalization. But aft(prenominal) revise become the OSH (Safety and Health Officer) enactments 1997 and OSH (Safety and Health Officer) Orders 1997 have a penalty if the contractors do not comply to engagement competent person as safety and health officer and other duties in ensuring such personnel could perform his duties effectively and define class of industry to appoint competent safety and health officer both are penalty same condition which is maximum RM5000.00 or maximum six months imprisonment or both.Section 29 has been amended by the Minister to OSH (Safety and Health Office) normal 1997 after amended stated that any building operation and any work of engineering construction when the total contract price of the construction project which is exceeding twenty million of ringgit Malaysia the contractors should employ a safety and health officer or other duties in ensuring such personnel could perform his duties effectively. (Safety and Health Officer) Order1997. (Occupational Safety and Health Regulation 1997, s.29)Some of the construction project the total contract sum may not exceeding twenty million according to OSHA section 29 mentioned that means contractors is not obligatory to comply and appoint the safety and health officer on their workplace. If unfortunate accident happened cause site workers injury or death at construction site is that whether should be the negligence of the contractors because his has full comply with the OSHA 1994 or the legal is indeed imperfect because only the project exceeding twenty million of ringgit Malaysia contractors should to appoint a safety and health officer.According to OSHA 1994 section 18 duties of safety and health officer his had a important duties at the construction site one of it is to advise contractors measure of the site workers their interests of the safety and health and their responsibilities also included to inspect the workplace determine whether any machinery or equipments or process of work may have the chances liable site worker injuries or harmful their body.If accident is happen safety and health officer have to submit report informs on the number and types of accidents which had slip byred in the workplace to the DOSH according to OSHA 1994 section 19 stated.Since section 29 of OSHA had mentioned that only total contract sum excee ding twenty million construction projects is required to appoint a safety and health officer. Moreover, the workplace is happen any accident, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning or occupational disease which has occurred or may have chance occur on the worksite according OSHA section 32 to inform the nearest DOSH office. If accident had occurred which is construction project not exceeding twenty million total contract sum who are going to take safety and health officer his duties to report to DOSH is that means small project is not an accident happen.The decision of reporting of accident incidences to DOSH is to ascertain the root causes and enable to take remedial actions for prevention future occurrences similar condition. The report incidence is important database for DOSH the database is to analyze strategic planning, steering and law enforcement. The data recorded by the safety and health officer is required in order to analyze the results of unification and to ensur e statistical validity. (DOSH, 2004, p 4)Safety and health organization shall be implementing by the Contractors those person are profession and get training for safety and health programme. Those safety and health officer with qualified their role are provide appropriate advice to the site workers their responsibility for the safety in the site and to promote and encourage the planning and implementation of the necessary and effective measures in minimizing the risk and to reduce the accidents rate. (Construction Confederation, 2008)The problem may be arise if contractors they do not appoint safe and health officer or site safety supervisor there is no professional person at worksite to train for new site workers or instrumental promote a safe and healthy working environment on workplace.Furthermore, most of the site workers are foreigners like Indonesia, Pakistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh or etc. Those foreigner workers they may be drop of knowledge to protect themselves. They might n ever been exposure with the construction not to mention that they have experience to cope with the huge construction projects. Therefore, the bad carriage and behavior is belonging to the construction it will then rapid increasing the accidents rates. (Wee Lee, 2010, p 22)According to Wee Lee (2010) there may have other legal loophole in Malaysia. Malaysia safety and health officer they do not have autonomy power therefore they cannot strictly implement the regulation. Moreover, the safety and health officer is employed by the contractor. The contractors may tend to hiding the accident occurrence on site and do not comply with reporting accident happen on their site or even threatened their safety management staff do not report to DOSH that is because the accident of worker may make lost productive time for DOSH officer come over to inspection the accident areas. The construction site accident rate has been increasing exactly because of these unhealthy practices in Malaysia. (Wee Lee, 2010, p 15)Although appoint a safety and health officer of construction site have effective reduce the risk of accident rate. But according to Rabani (2010) mentioned that many contractors they are not assured the important role for appoint a safety and health officer at construction site. Therefore, many contractors they neglect to appoint a safety and health officer. (Rabani, 2010, p 3)According to Kit Keng (2004) mentioned that when the accident happen at site it may cause contractors suffer losses in term of the productivity and affected their profit. Accident happen may lower down the productivity this may simply because of site worker may because their co-worker happen accident cause injury or death which may affect their physical and psychological fear they were invade to become the next victims. Therefore, may occur a shortage of workers on site because they may do not want to work in an accident workplace. Because of that cause the construction work delay and cannot be completed on time. Contractor suffers losses affect his profit paid site worker to work over-time to speed up the works and completed at schedule time.In fact, poor safety background actually will cause high amends premium according to Kit Keng mentioned contractors there are always think that as long as he had buy a insurance to protect themselves from the direct losses caused by the accident happen at construction site, but actually some of the contractors they do not know how much had his to redeem the insurance premium.Lastly, some of the contractors think that safety and health officer is not necessary for employ at his workplace. But as a matter of fact the contactors should employ a qualified persons act as safety and health officer. (OSHA, s.6 (1))In addition, according to OSHA 1994 Section 16 have been revised to OSH (Employers Safety and Health General Policy Statements) (Exception) Regulation 1995 by the Minister. The section 16 been amend that, if the organization has more than five employees than the employer and self-employed person has their duty to formulate the safety and health insurance. (Occupational Safety and Health Regulation 1995, s.16)However, the OSHA 1994 section 16 had been modified become better and detail for the need of safety and health policy. But after amend the act from pervious penalty maximum RM5000.00 or maximum two years imprisonment or both become not penalty required for the Regulation 1995 which mean the safety and health policy is not an important for the construction site and site workers. In case, the contractors did not provide the safety and health policy to their workers is without any penalty. (CIDB, 2010, pp 20-21)According to Kit Keng (2004) mentioned that, the barrier to the implement safety and health requirement at construction site is because the contractors seen the safety and health requirements required a big visible cost to implement. Therefore, they often do not comply with the legislation requ irement in their workplace as provide the safety and health organizations.Conclusion given the above problem is the OSHA 1994 it still contains a little bit of problems and the contractors have the excuse to bypass some of the responsibilities that he should comply with and implementing at his workplace to reduce the accident occurred at the site.Effective to implementing OSHA 1994Construction industry is highest hazard among all industry therefore to effective minimize the accident rate and fatalities the construction project should through a good planning and co-ordination before the construction project start. Therefore, the contractor plays an important role to implement safety and health responsibility from the concept to the construction completion.One of the effective ways to bring in safety and health in early stages is be safety and health into tendering stage. Therefore, contractors are required to demonstrate that they have an appropriate safety and health management sys tem and to verify its implementation in practice and his required to comply with contract specific occupational safety and health requirement. (CIDB, 2010, pp 4-5)Select those potential contractors which are appropriate evaluate the safety and health for the project. Implement safety and health included in contract like PAM Contract 2006. According to PAM 2006 contractors his received letter award his is entitles to starts construction works at site his is required to procure and submit contractors all risks insurance, workman compensation and performance bond to the architect or quantity surveyor before the contractors only allowed commencing the construction works.Although OSHA 1994 and FMA 1967 is able to take legal action but bound the safety and health include in contract will be more effective. Because of contract is attach that able enhance strict to implementing safety and health through taking legal action.Profit is the goal of most business is actually the construction in dustry is also had the same goal. The way to effective reducing the accident for the construction site may through using approach prevention of injuries and death with implementing occupational safety and health management system. (CIDB, 2010, p 42)According to Kit Keng (2004) mentioned that contractors seen the visible larger amount for implementing the occupational safety and health management system in his construction project but implementing the safety and health management systems is effectively reducing of injury and death at construction site and benefits to contractors his are achieved through avoidance of delay to his construction project in order to increase his profit as early as completion of the construction project.According to CIDB (2010) stated that, the principles of an occupational safety and health management system contain plan, do, check and act (PDCA). Inside the plan there are mentioned the safety and health policy had to provide at the construction site to i ntroduction the safety and health program. The safety and health policy should be always up-to-date and get aware to the site workers which mean the safety and health policy is very important. Therefore, if the contractors are not complying with OSHA regulation 1995 at his workplace his is be get penalty.Besides, implementing and establish a safety and health citizens deputation if the situation is build a condominiums it may have forty or more than forty workers including those staffs hired by employer or workers supply by the sub contractors in this cases the management chain will lead to more than forty worker being hiring or work on the construction project. (Wee Lee, 2010, p 13) Contractors should implement to form a safety and health committee because there are a lot of workers at the construction site. Otherwise, the Contractors get instructed by the Director General of DOSH that the workplace is required that to form the safety and health committee.Both employee and manage ment are represented for the safety and health committee this is to keep on reviews the construction site conditions. Because of lack of reviews conditions on worksite there may affect worker on site or public border their safety and health. (OSHA, s.30)According to OSHA section 29 and 30 actually contractors should employ a full time competent person act as safety and health officer and then establish a safety and health committee at construction. Safety and health committee must be retentiveness on reviews the construction site condition. Therefore, at least once every three months the safety and health committee shall conduct periodical inspection and audited account on site and provide essential advice on safety issues besides drafting and improving the companys OSH guidelines and procedure. (Rabani, 2010, p 47) (OSHA, s.29, s.30)Introduction of FMA 1967Contractors not only had the responsibilities to comply with the OSHA 1994 but Contractors had the obligation need to comply with the FMA 1967 too. FMA 1967 mainly is applying by factories and construction site. The Contractors should understand more about the Factories and Machinery Act 1967, which will help the contractors able to implementing the act on the construction site.This is responsibility of the contractors to maintain all their machinery which is appropriate and safe to operating condition and provide with implement safety measures in construction site operations.(Rabani, 2010, p 52)Besides, the FMA 1967 section 36 and regulation 7 of FMA (Notification, certificate of fitness and inspection) Regulation 1970 stated that any of the machinery should get permission to install the machinery on construction site is required certificate of fitness.According to FMA 1967 section 35 stated that, any construction project should involve using machinery or plant to carry out the construction work. Only in the case that the construction project is able completed in a period less than six week and does not need or involve using any machinery for their construction project then the contractor is does not require to notify to DOSH.FMA 1967 Section 56 have been revised to FMA (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction) (Safety) Regulation 1986 by the Minister. (FMA, s.56) Part I regulation 3 Application stated that these regulations are applied by the building operations and to works of engineering construction. Section 56 Regulations have total 17 parts divided showed in arrangement of regulation. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.3)In this research paper was discussing about the construction project which contractors should implementing to minimize the machinery hazard cause site workers injury and death at construction. Therefore, in this research document will be focus on Part II General Provisions.Statutory of FMA 1967Since table 1 showing that construction industry is the highest accident of fatalities rates. Therefore, machinery at construction shall als o to consider and comply with FMA 1967. According FMA regulation 1986 regulation 25 appoint a site safety supervisors to inspecting and rectifying any unsafe place of work and correcting any unsafe practice on construction site this is to ensure the safety , health and welfare of site workers.Appoint a site safety supervisor will be same requirement with safety and health officer which is person who is qualification. Site safety supervisor there must have at least minimum of two years site foremen experience. Their also have the duty to check the sub-contractor work which is to ensure sub-contractor have comply with the Malaysia legislation.If the contractor appoint a part time site safety supervisor and the particular part time site safety supervisor shall spend at least fifteen hours per week and promoting safe conduct of work at construction site. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.25)Otherwise appoint a part time site safety supervisor if the construction site employed more than twenty site workers on a workplace contractor shall appoint a contractors safety supervisor. The contractors safety supervisor shall spend at least five hours per week and promoting a safe conduct to his site workers. Contractors safety supervisor requirement will be same with site safety supervisor with at least two years site foreman experience and qualification. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.26)The construction work site which is employed fifty persons or more than it shall establish a safety committee. The safety committee members will be both employee which mean including sub-contractors and contractors and also management members to be represented. Purpose for safety committee is to keep and review safety and health condition in workplace. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.27)The safety committee shall appoint senior member of contractors staff at construction site and the safety committee shall consist the site safety supervisor, the entire c ontractors safety supervisors and others site worker. The safety committee should meeting at least once a month. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.27)Furthermore, contractors should implement strict on machinery installed rules on FMA Regulation 1986 regulation 6 just like machinery installed on any floor above the ground floor there have a regulation to control over like any floors above the ground of any building or structures are not allowed to use machinery.Only if the floor or structure has been designed or constructed there are able to support the loading of the machinery or additional strengthen purpose then contractors is allow to use or operate the machinery on the particular building or structures. Contractor should maintain their machinery which is always in good and safe condition his is require to ensure around the machinery surrounding means that the passenger walk way is free from any loose material or non-slippery condition. This is to prevent those site w orkers would not fall down towards to the machines and caused injury or death. According to this regulation 6 if the contractors are not comply with it his will be fines not exceeding RM2000.00.Besides, slip is easy to happen on construction site. Therefore, Contractors should make sure the surfaces of the passageway sanded or covered or removed. If any passageway such as platform, scaffold or otherwise of elevated working surface is slippery and causing the workers fall down found out is the negligence of the contractor they do not provide slip-safe picking to minimize the slipping hazards on the construction safe according to the FMA Regulation 1986 regulation 8 the contractors would be penalty not exceeding RM2000.00.Contractors have the obligation to keep or remain the worksite passageways with do not have any dirt and debris or other obstruction object may cause site workers tripping. Contractor should minimize those accumulations of dirt and debris on worksite by instructed his site agent to maintain for it and site agent is Contractors representative on construction site. In addition, the debris shall be handled and disposed-off by a method which will not harmful to person and the debris is not allow to accumulate is may constitute a hazard to the worker on site.( Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.22)Moreover, contractors should also have to ensure at worksite there is do not have any projection may or could cut site workers if any, contractor or his representative should removed it or made safe to prevent site workers injury or death. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.9)Construction site the most important is provide workers a safe access to workplace. Firstly, Contractors must ensure the construction site provided proper stairways ramps or runways. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.10)According to FMA Regulation 1986 regulation 15 stated that, some of the worker who are work in wet concrete may wet their foot contractor s shall provide suitable waterproof boots to protect site workers foots get injuries. Malaysia weather is always raining and it cannot be predicted therefore sometime site worker inevitably work on raining day. Contractor shall provided worker waterproof coat and hat when site workers work on raining day at construction site. The penalty to those contractors they are do not provide is fines not exceeding RM2000.00.Besides, site workers should get protective apparel just like if worker their do not wear a safety helmet access to construction site when the construction project is construct more than two storey high building the workers may get higher risk to get serious head injury or may cause death and all people who are performing any work or services in worksite they should wear safety helmets. (Factories and Machinery Regulation 1986, r.24)Barrier that contractors tend to do not comply to provide all safety helmets and safety boots is because the cost of buying standard helmet a nd safety boots are very costly generally the construction site are employ many site workers. Moreover, contractors provide safety helmets and safety boots to his site worker simultaneously the contractors shall employ a site safety supervisor or a contractors safety supervisor to ensure the site worker wear proper equipments.According to Kit Keng (2004) mentioned that, good safety records may attract lower insurance premium. Provides safety helmet and safety boots can be effectively reducing the injury and death rates. Therefore, way to implementation is to ensure all the site workers wear the safety equipments properly the employer or architect they representative which mean project manager and site staff should have the responsibility to control by using fines the site workers they own salary to punish them to ensure they comply with the safety and health regulation to protect themselves safer.The electrical hazards is serious if the contractors did not check any part of an elect ric power circuit which is exposed or hidden by using instruments to find out the electric power circuit location and performance. The purpose to do so is because of the site worker they may use the jackhammers or other hand tools working as drill through the ground.Hence, the Contractors shall post and maintain proper the warning signs which is using national language where is such circuit exists. Contractors have the responsibilities advice his site worker

Study on the issues of organizational structure

Study on the issues of organizational anatomical constructionIssue on organizational twist, in particular infirmary body anatomical structure has suffered a great deal of transformation over the past few decades. The structure not unless represents the culture and target, but also exhibits and evaluates the cor comparison mingled with individuals who work within a hospital, so as to palliate the reapingivity and job efficiency (Madden, Courtney, Montgomery, Nash 2006, p.283). Laschinger, Finegan, and Sharmian (2001, p.60) indicate that a honest organizational structure has portentous impact on promoting work efficiency in hospital, thus better health wish operate can be given to patients. Moreover, it is considerred that the design of organizational structure can be largely affected by different factors, such as organizations vision, rush, and strategy (Madden et al. 2006, p.272). Consequently, a well-structured health headache organization will facilitate self-developm ent, so as to enhance satisfaction on both patients and employee.1.2 Thesis StatementA critical analysis of the organizational structure and the relationship to the agency and vision in regards to harmonise Repatriation General hospital in Sydney, Australia.1.3 ScopeThis paper will be separated into three sections, which contain background cultivation of the health kick facility, then critically analyse the organizational structure in relations to its electric charge, and last but not least, a sound reasonable conclusion and recommendation will be elicited according to analysis.Background Information of the Health Care FacilityThis paper will focus on the critical analysis of Concord Repatriation General Hospital, which is also simply known as Concord Hospital in Sydney, Australia. Concord Hospital represents not only one of the most superior hospitals with the provision of a diverge of specialty inpatient and outpatient services in Sydney, but also an educational facility fo r go training and placement opportunities for medical students. Moreover, the hospital has built up a comprehensive system, which received highly appreciation by Australian Council on health care Standards for providing timely and excellent patients care, in particular, Burns Unit plays a major role across the states (Concord Repatriation General Hospital (CRGH), 2009).According to Concord Hospital (2008), the unite mission statement and vision state that practising clinical excellence, leading in t all(prenominal)ing, contributing to health research, responding to the special need integraly of Veterans, and changing with the needs of the community. And this can be achieved throughout taking care of individual patient needs providing quality services promoting healthy lifestyles as well as valuing health care teams (CRGH, 2008). Thus, from its organizational point of view, the primary or principal goal of Concord Hospital is more consumers concentrated, in order to provide better health care services. For example, a five-year programme finished by the hospital in 2006 in regarding to capital works provides assistance in the expansion of care and services for patients in several(prenominal) areas, such as Aged Care and Rehabilitation, co-locating some specialties outpatient and inpatient services, so as to bring benefits to both patients and non-patients (CRGH, 2008).Figure 1 illustrates the detailed organizational structure of Concord Hospital. It can be seen that there are five branches under General Manager, which comprise conductor of Medicine, Director of Nursing, Director of Corporate and Clinical choke Services, Director Performance and Informatics, as well as Demand Management Unit. The Academic and query lies alongside with the link of broken line (CRGH, 2008).Figure 1 The detail organizational structure of Concord Hospital (CRGH, 2008)CRITICAL ANALYSIS3. 1 Critical analyse the hospital organizational structure in relation to its missionAccording t o Figure 1, the organizational structure of Concord Hospital can be treated as line or functional structure, as it classifies alike disciplines together (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter 2006, p.336). It is shown that both its mission accomplishment, and hospital collaborates its structure with mission are more likely to reflect positive employee action (Bart, DeGroote, Bontis, Taggar 2001, p.19). In addition, this organizational structure not only enormously shows the culture and target of the hospital, such as build up Anzac Research Institution, but also purpose a clear line of imprimatur, which points out the hierarchy lies within different departments, so as to maximum benefits healthcare services to patients and employee (Madden et al. 2006, p.283).3.2 The advantages and limitations of the structure for health care deliveryConcord Hospital is more based upon a concept of functional structure. Chain of command, as a concept of organizational design states the authority is dev eloped and ranked from upper level of the hospital to its lower position (Robbins et al. 2006, p.327). According to figure 1, the chart deploys the hierarchy from the advanced to lower level position, for example, Director of Nursing to Assistance in Nursing. Critically speaking, this type of organizational structure shows the ability of economizing expenditure, it can be considerred that this organizational structure not only minimizes the retort of employee and capital, but also increases the efficiency in use of resources, so as to deliver better quality of care to patients in a particular discourse unit. By contraries, it cannot be denied that professionals or staff can be isolated under this structure with very control information in regarding to different departments work. Again, the wish in exchange of thoughts between employees may induce the downside of quality in healthcare services that provided to patients (University of Western Sydney (UWS)2010, p. 19).3.3 The hap pen upon lines of authority and responsibility for achieving organizational goalsThe key lines of authority and duty in Concord Hospital to be broken down into several subordinates. According to figure 1 (CRGH, 2008), each level of politics from upper to lower level has been detailed illustrated under different specialties. It is believed that the authority is generally derived from managerial level, and then tasks are given to employee to complete (Robbins et al. 2006, p.327). In other words, for those who are in higher level have predominant rights than lower level employee. This organizational structure also purely explains the hierarchy of work, and the responsibility of each level(Madden et al. 2006, p.283). For instance, nursing manager has absolute authority and occupies full responsibility in managing nursing related stuff. It can be thought that authorized person needs to utilize resources efficiently and effectively, thus assists in achieve organizational goals via grante d lines of authority and responsibility (Chandler 2003, p.48).3.4 The utility of the structure in relation to the achievement of the organizations mission and goalsThe utility of the structure of an organization should encourage in the achievement of organizational mission and vision. It breaks down organizations employee into specific sections, in order to produce harmonious valuation reserve between each other (Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshal 1995, p. 352). It is obviously that Concord Hospital establishes a full range of departments for providing better quality of care to patients. For example, the Centre for Education and Research on Ageing (CERA) links the hospital itself with its teaching university focus on the provision of effective care, and better their living standards among ageing patient group (The University of Sydney, 2010). This hence shows the comprehensive quality of care to be given to a specific group of patients in order to enable the hospital missions which are pro viding quality services to patients, leading in teaching, contributing to health research to be accomplished (CRGH, 2008).3.5 Aspects of the structure which facilitate or impede performance and potential solutionsOrganizational structure can be seen as an effective tool for promoting interaction between various departments within an organization. Also the distribution of responsibility between specialties in the hospital aims to speed the combination of healthcare services among patient (Stoelwinder, Blandford, Perkins 2006, p.319-320). The traditional structure is used by Concord Hospital which classifies same groups of professions into one specialty, it can be seen that this type of structure mainly concentrate on professional training and development, then better quality of care can be given to patient. Nevertheless, it is incontestable that the structure affects the provision of efficient healthcare services, as health professions are grouped into different facilities, which le ads to the lack of coordination and communication between departments, thus compromise on healthcare to be given to patient. Whereas, some mixed structures can be considered under this circumstance, such as a traditional functional structure mixes with product structure, so as to not only benefits healthcare professions, but also brings much more attention to patient care (Stoelwinder et al. 2006, p. 322).4. CONCLUSIONThis paper concentrates on the critical analysis of organizational structure and relationship to mission and vision for Concord Hospital. The hospital is one of the most superior hospitals with the provision of a range of specialty inpatient and outpatient services in Sydney. Concord Hospital has a combined mission statement and vision, and this can be achieved throughout taking care of individual patient needs providing quality services promoting healthy lifestyles as well as valuing health care teams.The organizational structure of Concord Hospital by using line stru cture shows that its mission accomplishment, and hospital collaborates its structure with mission are more likely to reflect positive employee action. Moreover, it can be considered that this organizational structure minimizes the recurrence of employee and capital, as well as increases the efficiency in use of resources, so as to deliver better quality of care to patients in a particular treatment unit. By contraries, it cannot be denied that professionals or staff can be isolated under this structure with very limited information in regarding to other departments work, the lack of communication results in the downside of quality in healthcare services that provided to patients.The key lines of authority and the duty in Concord Hospital to be broken down into several subordinates. It is believed that for those who are in higher level have predominant rights than lower level employee. Furthermore, the utility of the structure of an organization assists in the achievement of organiza tional mission and vision. Overall, the structure of Concord Hospital is considerably well designed. It is obviously that the hospital establishes a series of full range departments and specialties for providing better quality of care to patients. The organizational structure in terms of type, authority lines, and structure utility has largely impacts on its organizational mission and vision.

Bulk and Nanomaterials Synthesis Experiment

Bulk and Nanomaterials Synthesis ExperimentIntroductionIn recent years, bulk and nano materials in several areas of pure and applied sciences have captivated a great interest amongst the researchers. Because of their fascinating and tremendous properties with great potential in many applications such as solid state lasers, lamp industry, colour displays, etc (Senthil et al, 2001 Tamrakar et al, 2013a Tamrakar et al, 2013b Tamrakar et al, 2014a Tamrakar et al, 2014b) these bulk and nano materials having great interests of research.Experimental Section2.1. Materials and SynthesisSamarium oxide (Sm2O3) and samarium nitrate (Sm(NO3)3.6H2O) were use as the rare earth sources of K3Gd(PO4)2Sm3+ in the following synthesis methods. Urea (NH2CONH2) and citric acid monohydrate (C6H8O7.H2O) were utilise as fuels in burning and citrate gel combustion methods. The raw materials in change form were used in solid state method whereas in case of combustion and citrate gel method it could be used i n nitrate form.2.1.1. Synthesis of undoped K3Gd(PO4)2 and Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 by solid state methodThe raw materials potassium carbonate (K2CO3), gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3), ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (NH4H2PO4) and samarium oxide (Sm2O3) of mellowed purity were mixed and launched together with the smallest possible amount of ethanol in an agate mortar for an hour to have a homogeneous mixture. The stoichometric amount of starting materials was weighed accord to the balanced chemical reactions for the undoped K3Gd(PO4)2 (equation (1)) and Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 (equation (2)) and are given as followsThe mixed powder was transferred to the alumina crucible and placed into the muffle furnace at 850 C for 7 hours. The ready phosphors were cooled to room temperature and grounded to obtain fine powder.2.1.2. Synthesis of undoped K3Gd(PO4)2 and Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 by combustion method with urea (NH2CONH2)Urea (NH2CONH2) as a fuel used for the preparation of the undoped K3Gd( PO4)2 and Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 by combustion method. The reagents used were potassium nitrate (KNO3), gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3), ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (NH4H2 PO4), urea (NH2CONH2) and samarium nitrate (Sm(NO3)3.6H2O) of high purity. The materials were weighed harmonize to the balanced chemical reactions (equations (3 4)) given belowThe stoichometric ratio of reagents was kept at building blocky, so that the heat liberated during combustion be maximized for complete combustion. The weighed reagents were dissolved in a small amount of distilled water and thoroughly mixed in an agate mortar to obtain a paste. The obtained paste was transferred to the alumina crucible and inserted into the pre-heated muffle furnace sustained at 600. The combustion process occurs with the evolution of the large amount of gasses. The whole reaction takes 3-5 minutes to complete. The final white foamy product was cooled to room temperature and ground to obtain fine powder. The fine powder t hen except annealed at 850 for 3 h to get complete crystallanity.2.1.3. Synthesis of undoped K3Gd(PO4)2 and Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 by citrate-gel combustion method with citric acid (C6H8O7.H2O)Potassium nitrate (KNO3), gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3), ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (NH4H2 PO4), samarium nitrate (Sm (NO3)3.6H2O), citric acid monohydrate (C6H8O7.H2O) of high purity was used as the starting materials for the preparation of the undoped K3Gd(PO4)2 and Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2. The citrate gel was prepared according to the following chemical reactionsThe reactants in stoichometric amounts were weighed according to equations (5 6) and dissolved together in 10 ml distilled water. The mixed solution was heated to 85C on a hot plate with continuous stirring for 2 hours to obtain a viscous gel. The obtained gel was placed into the pre-heated muffle furnace maintained at 600. After several minutes, the gel boiled followed by evolution of huge amounts of gases. Eventually, self-gene rated ignition occurred and the gel underwent combustion. The whole process ended within a few minutes. The final products were cooled to room temperature and grounded to obtain fine powder. The fine powder, then further annealed at 850 for 3 h to ensure that all the unwanted impurities were evaporated and only the higher temperature pure monoclinic phase of K3Gd(PO4)2 remains as the final product.2.2. characterizationThe X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the synthesized powders were recorded by using Philips Xpert MPD system with Cu K radiation (1.5406 ) operated at 40 kV and 30 mA. The 2 was varied in the range of 10 2 60 with step size of 0.01 (2) and count time of 18s /step. The lattice parameters were calculated using unit cell program . The diffuse reflectance spectra were recorded using a Shimadzu UV-VIS-2600 double beam spectrophotometer coupled with an ISR (integrating sphere assembly). The photoluminescence (PL) (excitation and emission spectra) and the lifetime me asurements of the synthesized phosphors were recorded using a Cary-Eclipse Spectrofluorometer equipped with a 150W Xenon lamp as an excitation source with slit largeness 5 nm and 2.5 nm for excitation and emission monochromator. alone the measurements were performed at room temperature.3. Results and discussion3.1. Phase formationThe powder XRD patterns of the Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 samples synthesized by solid state, combustion and citrate gel combustion methods were measured. The patterns are shown in figure 1 and compared with that of the JCPDS card 049-1085 (K3Gd(PO4)2). The XRD patternsof Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 phosphor indicates a pure phase of the standard K3Gd(PO4)2 and all the peaks were in good agreement which belongs to the monoclinic phase with post group P21/m 20. Also the XRD shows that the formed materials are in crystalline and homogeneous forms.The particle size of the prepared samples have been calculated from the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the intense peaks using Debye Scherer formula.Here, D is particle size, k is the Scherrers constant (0.89), is FWHM (full width half maximum), = 1.54 A is the wavelength of X-ray source (Cu (K) radiation), is Bragg careen of the X-ray diffraction peak.The average particle size of the Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 phosphor prepared by solid state method was found approximately 39 nm, while those prepared by combustion and citrate gel methods were found to be 23 nm and 27 nm. The decrease in the particle size is due to cast up in the FWHM of the XRD peaks for the phosphor synthesized by combustion method and citrate gel combustion method. The variation of particle size with FWHM is also tabulated in table .References

Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

From the graduation exercise, Jane possesses a sense of her self-confidence and contentment. Her integrity is continually tested all over the naturally of the novel, and Jane must learn to balance the frequently conflicting aspects of her so as to find contentment.An orphan since early childhood, Jane feels exiled and out of favor at the beginning of the novel, and the reprehensible treatment she receives from her Aunt Reed and her cousins only worsens her feeling of alienation. Afraid that she will never find a true sense of home or community, Jane feels the lead to belong somewhere, to find "kin," or at least "kindred spirits." This desire irritates her equally strong need for freedom and free will.In her attempt for freedom, Jane too struggles with the gesture of what type of freedom will make her happy. While Rochester initially offers Jane a chance to liberate her passions, Jane comes to realize that such freedom could as well average enslavementby li ving as Rochesters mistress, she would be sacrificing her dignity and integrity for the sake of her feelings. St. John Rivers offers Jane another kind of freedom the freedom to make up completely on her ethics. He opens to Jane the possibility of exercising her talents to their fullest by working and living with him in India. Jane eventually realizes, though, that this freedom would also establish a cause of imprisonment, because she would be forced to keep her true feelings and her true passions always in check.When she reunites with Rochester, though based on a monetary level, she non-the-less finds herself to be equal to him. It is potential to question Jane Eyres equality to Rochester on the grounds that Jane only becomes Rochesters full equal when he is physically in poor health and dependent on her to perish him and show to himin other words, when he is physically incapable of mastering her. However, the thought of Jane finding herself Rochesters equal not because of the physical decline Rochester has suffered but because of the independence that Jane has attained, by coming to know herself more fully, is also possible.Jane Eyre essays research papers From the beginning, Jane possesses a sense of her self-confidence and contentment. Her integrity is continually tested over the course of the novel, and Jane must learn to balance the frequently conflicting aspects of her so as to find contentment.An orphan since early childhood, Jane feels exiled and out of favor at the beginning of the novel, and the cruel treatment she receives from her Aunt Reed and her cousins only worsens her feeling of alienation. Afraid that she will never find a true sense of home or community, Jane feels the need to belong somewhere, to find "kin," or at least "kindred spirits." This desire irritates her equally strong need for independence and free will.In her search for freedom, Jane also struggles with the question of what type of freedom will make her h appy. While Rochester initially offers Jane a chance to liberate her passions, Jane comes to realize that such freedom could also mean enslavementby living as Rochesters mistress, she would be sacrificing her dignity and integrity for the sake of her feelings. St. John Rivers offers Jane another kind of freedom the freedom to act completely on her ethics. He opens to Jane the possibility of exercising her talents to their fullest by working and living with him in India. Jane eventually realizes, though, that this freedom would also establish a form of imprisonment, because she would be forced to keep her true feelings and her true passions always in check.When she reunites with Rochester, though based on a monetary level, she non-the-less finds herself to be equal to him. It is possible to question Jane Eyres equality to Rochester on the grounds that Jane only becomes Rochesters full equal when he is physically in poor health and dependent on her to guide him and read to himin other words, when he is physically incapable of mastering her. However, the thought of Jane finding herself Rochesters equal not because of the physical decline Rochester has suffered but because of the independence that Jane has attained, by coming to know herself more fully, is also possible.

Comparing Death of A Salesman and The Zoo Story :: comparison compare contrast essays

Death of A Salesman and The Zoo Story Arthur Millers Death of A Salesman , is considered a to be one of the great masterpieces of American Literature. Comparatively, Edward Albees, The Zoo Story, is also an fabulous work of art. Miller and Albee both depict a the struggles of man in relationships. Interestingly, both plays seem to parallel each other throughout both working of literature. The Death of a Salesman tells a story of a distressed father, named Willy who struggles with his tenous relationship with his male child, Biff. Willys personal failures have led him to try an live vicariously through his son Biff. Willy Loman is an elderly salesmen lost in false hopes and illusions. The sales firm that he worked for no longer paid him salary. Working on straight commission, Willy could not stimulate home enough money to pay his bills. After many social classs with the firm, he was no a commodity to the company. They have spent his energy and cast away him l ike an old pair of shoes. Willys sons, Biff and Hap, are both failures, however Willy refuses to come to terms with this bleak reality. He wants his sons, especially Biff, to succeed where he has not. He believes his boys are great and cannot understand why they are not successful. This is a major source of conflict throughout the play. As Willy has grown older, he has retire distinguishing between the past and present, between illusion and reality, and is often lost in flashbacks where much of the story is told. These flashbacks are generally during the summer after Biffs senior year of high school when all of the family problems began. Willy has had an affair with a women he meets on sales trips and once caught by Biff. Now, Biff does not respect Willy and they do not get along. Willy eventually commits suicide so that Biff can have the insurance money to become successful. Ben is Willys dead brother who appears to Willy during his flashbacks and times of trouble. Be n was a fertile man who made it big in the diamond mines of Africa. Willy once was given the chance to become partners with Ben, but refused and instead choose the life that he shortly lives.