Bulk and Nanomaterials Synthesis Experiment

Bulk and Nanomaterials Synthesis ExperimentIntroductionIn recent years, bulk and nano materials in several areas of pure and applied sciences have captivated a great interest amongst the researchers. Because of their fascinating and tremendous properties with great potential in many applications such as solid state lasers, lamp industry, colour displays, etc (Senthil et al, 2001 Tamrakar et al, 2013a Tamrakar et al, 2013b Tamrakar et al, 2014a Tamrakar et al, 2014b) these bulk and nano materials having great interests of research.Experimental Section2.1. Materials and SynthesisSamarium oxide (Sm2O3) and samarium nitrate (Sm(NO3)3.6H2O) were use as the rare earth sources of K3Gd(PO4)2Sm3+ in the following synthesis methods. Urea (NH2CONH2) and citric acid monohydrate (C6H8O7.H2O) were utilise as fuels in burning and citrate gel combustion methods. The raw materials in change form were used in solid state method whereas in case of combustion and citrate gel method it could be used i n nitrate form.2.1.1. Synthesis of undoped K3Gd(PO4)2 and Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 by solid state methodThe raw materials potassium carbonate (K2CO3), gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3), ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (NH4H2PO4) and samarium oxide (Sm2O3) of mellowed purity were mixed and launched together with the smallest possible amount of ethanol in an agate mortar for an hour to have a homogeneous mixture. The stoichometric amount of starting materials was weighed accord to the balanced chemical reactions for the undoped K3Gd(PO4)2 (equation (1)) and Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 (equation (2)) and are given as followsThe mixed powder was transferred to the alumina crucible and placed into the muffle furnace at 850 C for 7 hours. The ready phosphors were cooled to room temperature and grounded to obtain fine powder.2.1.2. Synthesis of undoped K3Gd(PO4)2 and Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 by combustion method with urea (NH2CONH2)Urea (NH2CONH2) as a fuel used for the preparation of the undoped K3Gd( PO4)2 and Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 by combustion method. The reagents used were potassium nitrate (KNO3), gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3), ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (NH4H2 PO4), urea (NH2CONH2) and samarium nitrate (Sm(NO3)3.6H2O) of high purity. The materials were weighed harmonize to the balanced chemical reactions (equations (3 4)) given belowThe stoichometric ratio of reagents was kept at building blocky, so that the heat liberated during combustion be maximized for complete combustion. The weighed reagents were dissolved in a small amount of distilled water and thoroughly mixed in an agate mortar to obtain a paste. The obtained paste was transferred to the alumina crucible and inserted into the pre-heated muffle furnace sustained at 600. The combustion process occurs with the evolution of the large amount of gasses. The whole reaction takes 3-5 minutes to complete. The final white foamy product was cooled to room temperature and ground to obtain fine powder. The fine powder t hen except annealed at 850 for 3 h to get complete crystallanity.2.1.3. Synthesis of undoped K3Gd(PO4)2 and Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 by citrate-gel combustion method with citric acid (C6H8O7.H2O)Potassium nitrate (KNO3), gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3), ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (NH4H2 PO4), samarium nitrate (Sm (NO3)3.6H2O), citric acid monohydrate (C6H8O7.H2O) of high purity was used as the starting materials for the preparation of the undoped K3Gd(PO4)2 and Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2. The citrate gel was prepared according to the following chemical reactionsThe reactants in stoichometric amounts were weighed according to equations (5 6) and dissolved together in 10 ml distilled water. The mixed solution was heated to 85C on a hot plate with continuous stirring for 2 hours to obtain a viscous gel. The obtained gel was placed into the pre-heated muffle furnace maintained at 600. After several minutes, the gel boiled followed by evolution of huge amounts of gases. Eventually, self-gene rated ignition occurred and the gel underwent combustion. The whole process ended within a few minutes. The final products were cooled to room temperature and grounded to obtain fine powder. The fine powder, then further annealed at 850 for 3 h to ensure that all the unwanted impurities were evaporated and only the higher temperature pure monoclinic phase of K3Gd(PO4)2 remains as the final product.2.2. characterizationThe X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the synthesized powders were recorded by using Philips Xpert MPD system with Cu K radiation (1.5406 ) operated at 40 kV and 30 mA. The 2 was varied in the range of 10 2 60 with step size of 0.01 (2) and count time of 18s /step. The lattice parameters were calculated using unit cell program . The diffuse reflectance spectra were recorded using a Shimadzu UV-VIS-2600 double beam spectrophotometer coupled with an ISR (integrating sphere assembly). The photoluminescence (PL) (excitation and emission spectra) and the lifetime me asurements of the synthesized phosphors were recorded using a Cary-Eclipse Spectrofluorometer equipped with a 150W Xenon lamp as an excitation source with slit largeness 5 nm and 2.5 nm for excitation and emission monochromator. alone the measurements were performed at room temperature.3. Results and discussion3.1. Phase formationThe powder XRD patterns of the Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 samples synthesized by solid state, combustion and citrate gel combustion methods were measured. The patterns are shown in figure 1 and compared with that of the JCPDS card 049-1085 (K3Gd(PO4)2). The XRD patternsof Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 phosphor indicates a pure phase of the standard K3Gd(PO4)2 and all the peaks were in good agreement which belongs to the monoclinic phase with post group P21/m 20. Also the XRD shows that the formed materials are in crystalline and homogeneous forms.The particle size of the prepared samples have been calculated from the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the intense peaks using Debye Scherer formula.Here, D is particle size, k is the Scherrers constant (0.89), is FWHM (full width half maximum), = 1.54 A is the wavelength of X-ray source (Cu (K) radiation), is Bragg careen of the X-ray diffraction peak.The average particle size of the Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 phosphor prepared by solid state method was found approximately 39 nm, while those prepared by combustion and citrate gel methods were found to be 23 nm and 27 nm. The decrease in the particle size is due to cast up in the FWHM of the XRD peaks for the phosphor synthesized by combustion method and citrate gel combustion method. The variation of particle size with FWHM is also tabulated in table .References