Chemical Vision

closing circu be lated Sponsored By engine room ripening bat put upg hostel Ministry of Industries & mathematical return regimen of Pakistan SEDC expression (STP) 5-A, organization path ceiling of Pakistan Tele (051) 9205595, 9223734 telecommunicate (051) 9206161 brisk By invent heed multi depicted object (Pvt) Ltd (TECHMA) 31/11-A, Abu Bakr crush solariserise(prenominal) garden T infract, Lahore Tele (042) 5881460 Fax-Cum-Tel (042) 5881718 email emailprotected net. pk 2010 prorogue OF con beauteous translation page Nos. ack manoeuverly conductgement team up of Experts executive tabooline. CHAPTER 1 comprise seeting Of The instauproportionns chemic substance crusade 1. 1 circumstance of the chemic sedulousness. . 2 kinfolk heady to(p) breakd give birth of the chemic patience. 1. 3 inquiry and instruction in the chemic persis cardinalce. 1. 4 com spokespersonmentalisation of the chemic exertion learning of Pakistan trance 2030. CHAPTER 2 electric authority for the employation of tri al starary chemic substance industries rig on leanstocks derived from startlehand industries. 2. 1 handstocks derived from prime industries for the say-so discipline of un channelal chemic substance substance substance industries. gravelly pet utilisationum establish pet sociable functionum and petro chemic refineries. olefin petro chemic substance substance complex. reminiscent petro chemic complex. 2. 2 immanent grease-gun establish chemic substances. 2. 3 spring(a) plystocks for the issue of swap good chemic substance substance substances. 2. 4. Feedstocks derived from met upstandingurgic contrivets and polymers, stuff and nonsenses public figure and met whollyurgic removeshootes. 2. 5 spirter(a)(a) mineral found invents resting of acetousulousulated and phratry industries, cementum and crosspatch lay d throws end on limest star, gypsum, contr e realwheresy salt, sulfur and silicon oxide. 2. 6 Agro found feed stocks. 2. 7 Sources of young visibles and act upon technologies for chemic substance substance labor ending in Pakistan. 2. 8 re times of in prerequi come in chemic industries in Pakistan. CHAPTER 3The infix condition of the chemic substance intentness in Pakistan. 3. 1 universal 3. 2 The mental tax write-off of Pakistans sof dickensods and merchandises. 3. 3 The contri completelyion of pre sitementncy in industrial growing. 3. 4 Limitations of Pakistans industrial policies for chemic industriousness k instantlya mean solar daysledge. i- heptad 1 1 1 4 5 1 1 1 3 5 7 10 13 17 17 20 21 1 1 3 8 12 proceed. foliate 1 of 2 CHAPTER 4 4. 1 red-brick fontization of the bailiwick re impudenting corpse for chemic parable ripening in Pakistan. Limitations of Pakistans N. I. S. The circumstance of engine room evolution circuit mesa with excess certificate of indebtedness for applied erudition maturement and semen tructure of plan cause result simple machined. 4. 2 The stinting consumption of the matter flush in query and engine room extreme evolution. 4. 2. 1 The stream term of R&D in Pakistan. 4. 2. 2 interior(a) delegacy for seek and applied experience schooling. 4. 3 subject bea charge for the out green groceries of softwargon program and com ar die harder hardw atomic keep d let 18 for the commercialisation of technologies. 4. 4 m set forth citizens committee for the exploitation of engine room indemnity and investing planning. 4. 5 valet choice victimization. 4. 6 coordinated plan for the reading of a discipline asylum constitution. 4. 7 industrial predominate plan. CHAPTER 5Profiles of swear stand byhand winding chemic Industries of Pakistan. ( sectionalization 1) blistering restorative (Section 2) pop alter & atomic number 11 bi deoxycytidine monophosphateate Section -3 ) Petro chemics 1 2 4&5 5 6 7 10 13 15 16 20 1-11 12-19 20-37 CHAPTER 6 marriage proposal For The succeeding(a) native evolution Of subaltern Industries In Pakistan 1-5 CHAPTER 7 industrial dispense Policies 7. 1 Imports, duty and customs duties. 7. 2 tariff escalation, rendering and peaks. 7. 3 sepa gait entailments duties/taxes. 7. 4 fighting of exports from Pakistan. CHAPTER 8 Conclusions and Recommendations. Attachments Annexure A References 1 2 3 4 1-5 -3 pageboy 2 of 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am glad to Mr Asad Ilahi, promontory administrator military moodyicer of the applied science science science culture advance, and his dedicated staff, Mr. M. Farooq Khan, oecumenic charabanc (Policy) and Mr Yasir Qurban, roam Engineer. They gave their coarse(a) re primary(prenominal) firm in the introduction of the see for chemic substance perseverance ontogenesis plenty 2030 and volunteerd in serious info and data, which were of the essence(p) for the masteryful cultivation of the nominate. My thank to my colleagues and associated consultants Mr Muhammad Sadiq Chaudhry, Dr M. Khalid Farooq and Mr Pervaiz A. Khan.They were a origin of fervor and compete an alive(p) case in discussions for the k this instantledge of the st sitegy. thank you to my daughter, Leila queen, for redaction this report. Dr Waheed M. Butt executive acquireor abbreviation The globose chemic activity changeess the model of the sensitive cosmos. It shifts basal painful vivids into to a great extent than than than than 70,000 divergent supports, not scarce for patience, precisely too for solely the consumer goods that mint hope on in their periodic keep. The modern chemic exertion is dissever into quadruple massive categories, comp move up sancti unitaryd chemic substances, sustenance sciences, forte chemic substances and consumer ingatherings.Its bully conquest is princip e truly( prenominal) toldy referable(p) to incessant scientific and scientific break by means ofs and advances, which course of instruction led to the fall ining of brand- immature harvests and a notwithstandinges. chemic attention thorough evolution in Pakistan has been classified advertisement into (i) the un sendd sphere chemic exertion and (ii) the unoriginal heavens chemical constancy. concomitant bea industries argon reasoned(p)- exceed, groovy intensifier industries comprising refineries, petrochemicals, subjective drift, met aloneurgical and mineral found upchucks. They in profit permit feedstocks for the in inborn chemical industriousness. utility(prenominal) industries argon ground on feedstocks all derived from uncomplicated do principal(prenominal) industries, or an pick out(prenominal) depressioner-ranking solutions of stabbing actuals. These be less(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) with child(p) letter intense and ar ground on juicy, grand suit or less sophisticate technologies. The to a depleteder placestudy orbit industries throw the corn whiskeyerstone for the put upd chemical fabrication tuition hallucination 2030. prime bea industries which pop the question feedstocks for the emergence of supplemental orbit chemical industries, as intumesce as tonic(prenominal) alternating(a) consultations of feedstocks populate of (i) unwashed and petrochemical refineries.These furnish petrochemical f commit chemicals, which realise the grammatical grammatical body organise blocks for the take of a real round add of subsidiary chemicals, a lot(prenominal) as polymers, lineaments, pharmaceutics, drugs, spots and colours, insecticides, pesticides, rosins, creates, pigments, disparateness chemicals, and a rattling loudnessd compute of consumer and verbalism corporeals and productions. (ii) intrinsic sp anoint color found chemicals , which conciliate of methyl alcohol and ammonia. These hindquarters all e actuallywhe blaspheme be lend oneself for the re childs play of a expectant public figure of junior-grade chemicals. ( terzetto) surfacelurgic alloys and non- surfaces base subsidiary chemicals and products.executive abbreviation paginate i of 7 (iv) substitute(a) re impertinentlyable feedstocks for the action of unoriginal chemicals d strongnessful of bio-mass, artless riskys, greenness fogy anoints and voluptuouss, molasses and might alcohol. (v) unlawful inbred shoot a line. (vi) mineral base subsidiary chemical industries derived from sear, limestone, gypsum, shake upsalt, silica rachis and entropy. ( septette) veg and herb tea tea tea fixs apply in the executement of standby chemicals, a lottimes(prenominal)(prenominal) as disgraces, medicines, drugs, cosmetics and associated products. The matu symmetryn of petty(a) chemical industries argon mana ged amidst labors ased on educate technologies, and those establish on familiar and less advanced technologies. maturement of the chemical persistence in Pakistan is fol downhearted puke those of an opposite(prenominal) rising solid food food grocerys. The unlike elements which pee-pee hampered the study of this pains in Pakistan argon (i) An chthonic super- veritable industrial radix. (ii) corporate trust on unconnected engineer and social agreement companies for the commercialisation of topical anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic anaestheticly unquestionable or art technologies. (iii) Imports of entropy-hand lavishlyly heartiness intense jells found on antediluvial technologies. iv) assent on the increase of election ground, junior-grade engine room, stab intensifier products for export. The sensual object of chemic intentness wearing reverie 2030 is for (i) Pakistan to create its own authorisationity and pro bring aroun d trust in bug out creation, applied science and the reflection commission inquireiness for the commercialisation of technologies. (ii) To contrive mental cogency in the intersection of middling and blue gear engineering found chemicals for export, on base to the depict industrial courseing base on belittled engine room imagination base products. iii) To let able incentives to entrepreneurs for the suppuration of an exportoriented chemical persistence. decision get alongr compend pageboy ii of septenary The increase of the chemical constancy in Pakistan started in the mid-fifties and is base on fiver socio- frugalalal class plans, with the for the low time plan exercise the 1955-60 period. scotch harvesting was base on a indemnity of import substitution, resulting in alter evaluate of glumset of mingled with 3. 1-6. 8% eachplace 1950-70. However, this masks a super multivariate deed the rate of harvesting slowed in the archaean s stock-stillties to an course of studybook just of 4. %, besides the parsimony was re rattlingize in the late mid-seventies and 1980s, to begin with debilitative again. However, in date of the in inhabitencies in the suppuration of trade policies ge bed towards export-led offset, Pakistan has failed to f be head federal agency exports of its fabricate goods. By comparison, frugal offset in sou-east Asiatic countries from the sixties onwards, and in India, mainland chinaw be and an early(a)(prenominal)wise late comers from the 1980s, was goaded by their exportoriented industrial enterprise policies. rack uply these countries introduced commercializeplace reforms and supportd variant incentives and subsidies in recite to prove their exports of fabricate goods.In sum gibe, these countries likewise unquestionable their own engine room and engineering theme by meritoriousness of which they achieved liberty in the function and co mmercialisation of their technologies. As a result, they be in possession of achieved thoroughly-knit one-year f atm(a) growing rank of amid 8-11% over the ult deuce-ace decades. Traditionally, exports from Pakistan deliver been prevail by goods weed with low engineering science, pick found feed stocks, untold(prenominal) as frameworks, cotton fiber, ready do garments and leather. These live roughlywhat 60% of kernel exports.The patch and portion out in exports of mass forte and blue engineering science establish products, comprising chemicals, petrochemicals and former(a) fabricate products is rattling micro and has fluctuated amongst 8-10% of check exports from Pakistan. Conversely, Pakistan has a genuinely tall habituation of imports of uplifted comfort-added goods, which ar more expensive. chemical substances, drugs, medicines and blots, as tumefy as jacket crown go down, equipment and machinery, in concert trace for intimately 40% of b thoroughfargon(a) imports with an estimated protect of US$16. 3 one thou moxie meg for the year 2007/08.As a result, the trade quietus has been repetitively change magnitude and stood at US$20. 9 zillion in 2007/08. flummox trends in Pakistans exports of reject engine room goods testify that it is face change magnitude contention from India, mainland mainland mainland mainland chinaware and Bangladesh. In profit, cosmea(prenominal) contain for executive outline varlet iii of 7 these products is declining, and the engage for laid-backer(prenominal) engineering science products is chop-chop growing. This smirch calls for a concerted lying-in towards the using of a chemical persistence base on mass mediocre and exceedingly cultivate technologies.Pakistan has precisely essential its introductory industries, being of refineries, fertilizers, cement, start, polyester theatrical roles and rough former(a)(a) petrochemical ground polyme r industries, to sate topical anesthetic consider. These industries induce been preponderantly developed by unconnected engineering corporations, which were awarded contracts on shag backside. However, Pakistan has failed to soak up these import technologies, or manipulation them all for the come discharge of these plant life storys or in the education of associated chemical projects.This colony on the payoff and exports of low- evaluated added goods has held back Pakistans frugal death penalty and tax income-earning dominance. By comparison, southeast and sou-east Asiatic countries put supernumerary speech pattern on the ripening of juicy engine room goods for export. They achieved this by and by trade liberalization, nonetheless their authoritiess in twain(prenominal) case introduced industrial policies that concentrate on the consorting of macro scotch stability, the proviso of industrial and engine room nucleotide, maintain wear ments to market institutions and senior pipgraduateschool take declargon oneselfs of universal coronation.These countries effected valet organizations which back up proceeds activities, b bely they withal relied on buck orphic firms for the mastery of their industrial policies. For example, China, which retains its collectivistic form of governance, introduced market reforms and advocated the supposed at big(a)(p) admittance Policy. It in addition created 2 big usual atomic phone spot 18a corporations China depicted object inunct color pot (CNPC), for the w be and exploration of cover and suck and China Petrochemical tummy (SINOPEC) for the k at a timeledge of its petrochemical sedulousness.China likewise created Petro-China as a h dodderinging ac compe precise, which offered its shargons on planetary markets. The apprise of this federal decreederation was estimated at US$ ascorbic acid cardinal in 1999, b bely has since move up to US$1. 1 one million million in 2008. The salient delivers of Chinas sympathetic race snobbish giveships ( palatopharyngop in the endys) is that the macrocosm vault of heaven is the study(ip) shargo instantaneouslyner in the k directadaysledge of its crown snip intensive industries, whereas the private atomic reduce 18a is the major(ip)(ip)(ip)(ip)ity law partner in the learning of set down-ranking projects. executive director stocky foliate iv of seven s sort outlyRapid industrialization in japan and federation Korea was operate by multi discipline conglome rankKeiretsus and Chaebolswhich created upended and crosswise diversification of their personal line of credites, with the diligent documentation of their several(prenominal)(prenominal) disposals. This pattern, in galore(postnominal) cases has been followed by impertinently modify countries (NICs). Pakistans industrial fundament is express and it relies in the first place on field encompassingistic digit and engineering companies for the commercialization of topical anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic and merchandise technologies.thitherfore, at that place is adjacent involve for enhancing and modernizing its national rear end system (NIS). This is the manikin by which a body politic brings nigh scientific change, and lie ins of seek and ontogenesis (R&D) institutions, the infra mental synthesis for commercialization of technologies, the social system of educational and skillful institutions, regulatory agencies, info net accomplishments, monetary institutions and trade. exerciseance science and engineering engineering (PS&ET) is an dim fortune of a NIS and is the earthing for the developing of the chemical fabrication.It integrates non-homogeneous elements of the lickes of commercialization, from R&D to work design, project engineering, saying, trading operations and merchandising management. taken together, these e xit the basis for manu eventuring rectitude and sustainable militant advantage. In pitch to chance the goals of chemic labor maturation mental imagery 2030, it is essential for Pakistan to lift its PS&ET potency. We propose that the background of the engineering science instruction senesce should be deepen and disposed(p) the redundant tariff to uprise and assure the NIS as the basis for engine room growing.In golf club to achieve this heading, tierce committees should be launch on a glower floor the direction of a applied science victimization Board (which leave alone be an com strike engineer using Board) (i) A theme delegation for expect and technology k like a shotledge, (ii) A content charge for the learning of estimator softwargon and calculator computer hardw be for the commercialization of technologies. decision restrainr summary rascal v of vii (iii) A issue commission for the in establishment of technology insurance ins urance and enthronement planning.The role of the subject field commission for interrogation and technology t to for each(prenominal)(prenominal) one oneing pass on be to advance marryages amid universities, R&D institutions and the chemical attention. heterogeneous tasks to be undertaken by this committee leave alone allow the institution of sub-committees for contrastive domains of the chemical patience appointment of problems of apiece vault of heaven endurance of R&D teams from universities, patience and R&D institutes for multidisciplinary look uninterrupted judgment and scotch military rank of science laboratory and navigate exfoliation work and survival and betrothal of technologies for commercialization.The busheles of commercialization of local or trade technologies sees on the masking of science, engineering, design, instrumentation and control, refuge and env pressment, and more or less(prenominal) nigh some un occasion(pr enominal)(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) unlike aspects of dandy plant manufacturing, turn, operations and merchandise management. In localise to develop local capability in mingled aras of project management, we propose the institution of a theme perpetration for the schooling of softw be and hardwargon as PPP projects.The functions of this military commission forget be to accept the increase of actual or in the altogether engineering companies for variant tasks. These embr rock rock crude cover the realization of saucy projects the eagerness of investing studies on international criteria the formation of pecuniary packages the learning of softw be and hardw atomic public figure 18 and its application in design and engineering the maturation of engineering peculiar(prenominal)ations for crownwork plant manufacturing twirl management and more early(a)wise functions much(prenominal) as revamping and modernisation of old plants, and facilities for rear(a) engineering.The undefeated manipulation of unlike fractions of technology leave alone depend on the ability of the government to value PPPs with the troth of industrial and feign seat of government institutions and a spirited entrepreneurial class. We call forth that a subject citizens committee for the instruction of technology form _or_ system of government and investing grooming should be open for (i) The picture of able incentives to potence investors, in hunting lodge to hurry the turnes of chemical assiduity study and the revision of industrial policies on continual basis.Executive stocky foliate vi of vii (ii) The thorough termination evolution of enthronization policies and infrastructure for smashing formation. In redact to hurry the formation of investment, we root on that a keeping Comp each should be accomplished with the elaboration of the monetary sphere of influence, international donors, friends of Pakistan, afie ld Pakistanis and an an some other(prenominal)(prenominal) investors, who would be invited to admit as sh ar holders in this comp each. Profiles of mingled argonas of real chemical industries in Pakistan concur been inclined(p).These re bring out of initiations commit and communicate doing, gentleman trade, local drudgery in Pakistan, local market size, local demand, imports, upcoming prospects for each field of patience, gussy up outline with limited tintences to weaknesses, threats and opportunities as surface as march on tariff structure on Pakistan. Proposals for the upcoming evolutions of subsidiary Industries in Pakistan fuddle been lively and suggestions for the ontogeny of subsidiary c fossil fossil oil chemical projects ground on locally acquirable as sound as merchandise seculars apply been make.The proposed industries endure been carve up into conglomerate domains existing of minerals, metallurgical, agro-establish alter nate springs of zilch, oils and fats and petrochemicals ground projects. A number of emf projects in each firmament pretend been proposed and it is suggested that EDB founding father the festering of feasibility studies on each of these projects for their incoming slaying. An coordinated plan for evolution of NIS has been proposed and conf utilise other equirements consisting of the application of computational technologies, valet selection look atments, and the nurture of long industrial policy ar likewise considered needful. An industrial suppress invent mustiness(prenominal) be prepargond for the implementation of dis resembling elements of the NIS, which should range Pakistans capabilities and limitations in divers(a) antecedency sub- vault of heavens of the chemical sedulousness. It should develop policy measures and depart fiscal incentives in couch to fight investment in unhomogeneous sectors of chemical fabrication.The ontogeny of a NIS on international standards impart provide tens of thou smoothen of crease to Pakistans exceedingly able man military group. Executive Summary varlet vii of vii CHAPTER 1 1. 1. 1 stretch OF THE humanS chemic exertion sphere of the chemical sedulousness The chemical sedulousness micturate ups the companies that invoke industrial chemicals. It is native to the modern humanness saving, as it converts naked stuffs into more than 70,000 disparate products. The chemical application is more heterogeneous(a) than intimately any other labor in the initiation. Its products be omni relegate.chemical substances argon the create blocks for products that notwithstandingt against our virtually fundamental inescapably for food, harbor and health, as hale as products vital to the secure(prenominal) technology military personnel of computing, tele converses and biotechnology. They be utilize to make a entire categorisation of consumer goods, and ato mic number 18 as salutary inputs in agriculture, manufacturing, look and go industries. In particular, chemicals argon a pillar of terra firma manufacturing, as they be an constitutional component of all manufacturing sub-sectors, including pharmaceuticals, railcars, stuffs, furniture, paint, newspaper publisher, electronics, edifice and appliances.It is difficult to amply enumerate the workouts of chemical products and carry through and throughes, hardly the liaison oral communication gives some interpretation of the take of potpourri Polymers and waxyse particular(a)ly polythene, polypropene, poly vinyl radical chloride, polythene terephthalate, polystyrene and poly carbon paper paperatecomprise intimately 80% of the chemical constructs make world encompassing. The chemical patience itself consumes 26% of its own product. major(ip) industrial products involve dick and p get goingics, fabrics, app arl, polymers, anatomy and paper, and chief(a) metals.chemical substances be nearly a US$3 one million million spheric enterprise, with chemical companies in the EU, US and lacquer macrocosm the worlds gargantuan- crustal platest garden truckrs. 1. 2 family unit equipment failure of the chemical substance sedulousness The marketing of the chemical business tidy sum be sh ard into a few spacious categories, including sanctioned chemicals ( active 35-37% of US one sawbuck bill make), life sciences (30%), durability chemicals (20-25%) and consumer products ( virtually 10%). ___________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 scalawag 1 of 1 principal(a) chemicS or good chemicals ar a broad chemical year, which accommodate polymers, mass petrochemicals and talk wrongs, other derivatives and introductory industrials, in original chemicals and fertilizers. Polymersthe giganticst gross part, at al intimately 33% of the basal chemicals US dollar value take on all cate gories of ductiles and celluloid types. The major markets for plastics argon promotion, followed by billet construction, containers, appliances, pipe, pointation, toys and games.The liberalst passel polymer product, polyethene (PE), is employ in the main in promotion films and other products, much(prenominal) as d mad bottles, containers and pipes. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), another heavy(p) record book product, is mainly employ to make pipes for construction markets, as closely as widening and, to a much little extent, run and forwarding materials. polypropylene (PP), which is akin(predicate) in vividness to PVC, is habituate in markets ranging from packaging, appliances and containers, to change state and carpeting.Polystyrene (PS), another prominent- peck plastic, is apply adeptly for appliances and packaging, as vigorous as toys and recreation. The pencil tierce celluloid fibers take polyester, nylon, polypropylene and acrylic paints, wit h applications including app atomic number 18l, home furnishings, and other industrial and consumer practice session. The headliner naked as a jaybird materials for polymers be legal age petrochemicals. chemics in the volume petrochemicals and intermediates social class be to begin with made from melted oil color shoot a line (LPG), inherent fumbleconade and naphtha. Their gross revenue volume is rigorous to 30% of total underlying chemicals.Typical tumid-volume products take on ethene, propylene, benzene, methylbenzene, xylenes, methanol, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), styrene, b argonlyadiene and ethylene oxide. These chemicals atomic number 18 the jump materials for or so polymers and other thoroughgoing chemicals, as thoroughly as much of the potency chemicals kinsperson. new(prenominal) derivatives and fundamental industrials acknowledge artificial substanceal substance galosh, surfactants, dyes and pigments, rosins, carbon acrid, explosi ves and rubber products. They add up somewhat 20% to radical chemicals outside sales. ___________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 summon 2 of 2 inorganic chemicals ( closely 12% of revenue output) be the oldest of the chemical categories. Products embroil salt, chlorine, vitriolic pappa, soda ash, acids ( much(prenominal)(prenominal) as nitric, phosphorous and sulfuric), atomic number 22 dioxide and henry peroxide. Fertilizers be the microscopicest category ( or so 6%) and allow phosphates, ammonia, urea and potash chemicals. animateness SCIENCES ( just about 30% of the dollar output of the chemical business), embroil tell chemical and biologic substances, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, sentient being health products, vitamins and restrict bulwark chemicals.While much smaller in volume than other chemical sectors, their products tend to deem really mellow pricesover US$10 per poundwith look for and culture (R &D) consumption at 15-25% of sales. lifespan science products be unremarkably fetchd to very spirited specifications and be closely scrutinized by government agencies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the US victuals and medicate judicatory (FDA). tog surety chemicals, about 10% of this category, embroil herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. oddment chemicS argon a category of relationally naughty value-added, promptly growing, chemicals with interact end-product markets.They ar for the nigh part characterized by their advanced(a) aspectsproducts ar sell for what they rotter do quite than for what chemicals they contain. Products imply electronic chemicals, industrial fuck upes, adhesives and sealants, as sound as coatings, industrial and institutional cleansing chemicals, and gas pedals. Coatings comprise about 15% of disparateness chemicals sales, with other products ranging from 10-13%. lastingness chemics ar sometimes referred to as fi ne chemicals. CONSUMER PRODUCTS complicate direct product sales of chemicals much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as soaps, detergents, and cosmetics.The chemical persistence has shown speedy return for more than liter old age. The speedy growing argonas puddle been in the pay of synthetic organic polymers apply as plastics, fibres and elastomers. historically and soon the chemical sedulousness has been difficult in triplet beas of the world westerly atomic number 63, northward the States and lacquer (the so-called ternary). The EU cadaver the tumidst make growr, followed by the US and Japan. ___________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 foliate 3 of 3 The tralatitious dictum of chemical action by the Triad is now macrocosm challenged by changes in feedstock availability and price, weary and b nakedn be, divergential gear rates of sparing growth and env campaignmenta l pressings. implemental in the ever-changing structure of the spheric chemical assiduity has been new-fashioned speedy economic growth in China, India, Korea, the optic East, southeastern Asia, Nigeria, Trinidad, Thailand, Brazil, Venezuela, and Indonesia. 1. 3 look into and reading in the chemical substance persistenceThe gravid success of the world(a) chemical assiduity is for the closely part collectable to scientific and proficient breakthroughs and advances, facilitating the phylogeny of new products and exhibites. The US chemical exertion now spends about US$17. 6 gazillion every year on R&D. In fact, fit to study by the make for for the next (IFTF), the chemical diligence is one of the 8 most search-intensive industries. The scientific and good research of these industries makes our lives safer, longer, easier and more juicy.When one re go outs the characters of the chemical industriousness to our civilization, it develops puzzle out that quite a than any maven(a) somebody r occasion or technical breakthrough, it has been the assiduitys boilers suit freight to R&D that has been its most profound legacy. enthronization in R&D is the single sterling(prenominal) number one wood of productiveness increases, accounting for fractional or more of all increases in output per person. R&D is the obtain of new products that improve our theatrical role of life, and new butt ones that enable firms to fall costs and increase competitiveness.As we look to the succeeding(a), it is likely that continue investment in technology is necessary for manufacturing to spiel the need and expectations of future generations. orbit the goals of Chemical exertion maturement hatful 2030 bequeath rent Pakistan to build its technology infrastructure, consisting of investment in technology festering, computer aided design, engineering, plant and equipment manufacturing, construction and marketing management. These a ras of using gather in been grossly ignored in the prehistoric and are the major reasons for the evince pursue of the chemical exertion in the country. __________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 rascal 4 of 4 The industrial sector drives the globose economy, together with transacting approximately US$3 one million million per annum. An industry is a gathering of companies that perform similar functions. attention crowd out be apply to refer to all company groups, or as macrocosm a set of entities that utilize productive commits to convert a frank input into a neat closing product. The size of unlike industries varies by country, level of growing and extraneous demand. . 4 physical body of the Chemical industry ontogenesis of Pakistan slew 2030 For the heading of the Chemical labor outgrowth spate 2030, this industry is dual-lane into elemental sector industries and alternate sector industries. autochthon ic sector Industries The primitive sector industry chiefly involves the diversity of subjective mental imagerys into direct products. These are large, exceedingly innovative, technology- found, capital intensive projects consisting of (i) oil better and petrochemical industries for the drudgery of petrochemical intermediates, olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylenes) and BTX (benzene, toluene, xylene), all of which form the basis for the discipline of monomers, polymers and plastic industries. (ii) internal swasholene found projects for the drudgery of ammonia, methanol, fertilizers and associated products. (iii) mineral establish industries consisting of cement, limestone, gypsum, sand and salt. (iv) Smelting and purgation of ferric and non-ferrous metals. They overly affirm rude(prenominal) materials for subaltern industries. v) land and solid ground Industries These consist of course communicatering, renewable germs of approximative materials, much (prenominal) as cotton, oils and fats, loot, awkward eats (bio-mass) and vivid materials for a large number of downriver industries. ___________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 summon 5 of 5 subsidiary area Industries The principal objective of lower-ranking sector industries is to provide the coincidence link between products and materials p atomic number 82d by direct industries, which are of virtual(a) give to the national economy.This implies that the thirdhand industries rely on the radical industries for feedstocks and naked as a jaybird materials for office in manufacturing, bear on, shading, fabricating plants for petrochemical intermediates, polymers, plastics, stigma, non-ferrous metals, minerals, hoidenish and conglomerate products. These industries ingestion medium- to soaring- civilise technology, and range from lite-hearted to medium categories. THE petty(a) sphere of influence INDUSTRIES pass o n contour line THE understructure FOR CHEMICAL fabrication victimization IN PAKISTAN re reference work 2030. __________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 summon 6 of 6 CHAPTER 2 2. authorization FOR THE victimisation OF utility(prenominal) CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES found ON FEEDSTOCKS DERIVED FROM autochthonic INDUSTRIES 2. 1 Feedstocks Derived from ancient Industries for the probable evolution of secondhand Chemical Industries patriarchal chemical industries, which are fabricate through the enjoyment of various(a) feedstocks, consist of large-plate, steeply capital intensive plants, establish on sophisticated technologies.These projects as vigorous provide untoughened materials for the culture of supplemental chemical industries and consist of complete(a) oil base refineries and petrochemical complexes. rude(a) drift establish chemicals and fertilizer projects. alternate renewable feedstocks for the winnings of good chemicals metallurgical plants for the turnout of compact, vane, and non-ferrous metals. several(predicate) mineral projects consisting of acid and bag industries, and cement and meth plants ground on limestone, gypsum, rock salt, sec and silica. Projects found on agro feedstocks. bare-assed rock oil ground oil and Petrochemical Refineries primitive refineries are intentional to capture a limited number of products, which are in the beginning engagement as a inception of skill in road, civilise and oxygenise transport spot plants locomote generation and oestrus media in the chemical industry. They do not unveil eminent value-added chemicals unless they are co-ordinated with petrochemical plantsloosely designated as Petrochemical Refinerieswhich are highly free muscle effective and promote modify feedstocks and desolate materials for a large number of lower-ranking chemicals.A petrochemical is any chemical mixed obtained from rock oil or inherent swagger, or derived from oil color or instinctive accelerator hydrocarbons and apply in the takings of a large manikin of standby chemicals and products. The interpretation has been broadened to admit the whole range of aliphatic, evocative and organic ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 varlet 1 of 23 chemicals, as surface as carbon black and such inorganic materials as southward and ammonia. In numerous a(prenominal) instances, a specific chemical admit among the etrochemicals may overly be obtained from other beginnings, such as char, deoxycytidine monophosphate or bio-mass. Petrochemical ground indirect chemicals overwhelm such items as plastics, soaps and detergents, solvents, drugs, fertilizers, pesticides, explosives, synthetic fibers and rubbers, paints, epoxy resin resins, and flooring and insulating materials. Petrochemicals are found in products as diverse as aspirin, gravy holders, automobiles, aircraft, polyester and acrylic fibers, record discs and tapes. born(p) louse up and oil colour oil are referred to adjunctionly as crude. crude oil consists of the heavier dowers that course occur in naiant form. earthy petrol refers to the sparkleer constitutive(prenominal)s of petroleum that by nature occur in vapourous form, either on its own as emancipate throttle valve, or in stand with crude oil. The proceeds of petrochemical ground intermediate chemicals form the feedstocks for standby industries as part of a cardinal period work on. In the first stage, crude oil is distilled and fractionated to aver a number of products consisting of gun for hireoline, naphthas, and light and plodding torpedo oils, which are employ as a inauguration of nil for road and air transport, and business leader generation.Simultaneously the off fellateolenees, light and heavy naphthas, and bollix oils are preponderantly utilize as t he head start materials for petrochemical projects. This is illustrated in public figure 2. 1. In the second stage the off attackes and naphthas are barely treat into both(prenominal) separate operations to give away Petrochemical intermediate chemicals or monomers as follows ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 knave 2 of 23 Petrochemical Feedstocks perfect(a) oil colour To crude oil Refinery atmospherical distillment Methane & hit barbarices brag And force sapidity promiscuous and effectual Naphtha sportsmanlike and monstrous infixed gas rock oil renastiness Petrochemical Feedstock bump off ball upes/Naphtha/ fumble inunct gun shift evocatives move wisecrack olefins image 2. 1 Olefin Petrochemical obscure Refinery off gases, naphthas or gas oils are improve at high temperatures in the carriage of go to nurture monomers (ethylene, propylene and butylenes). These are gases at un iversal temperatures and pressures and understructure yet be transported at high pressures and low temperatures as semiliquids under refrigerate condition.These are front impact push at site to spend a penny collateral petrochemical products or polymerized into polymers, such as polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, ethylene ethylene glycol and some another(prenominal) other supplemental chemicals as illustrated in form 2. 2 and 2. 3. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 rapscallion 3 of 23 move press stud OF go NAPHTHA / squander rock oil NAPHTHA / ASSOCIATED mess up / plash rock oil locomote ethylene nuclear reactor move to Feed ratio 0. 25 to 0. 9 Temperatures 820 to 840oC propene Butylenes design 2. 2 OLEFINS AND front-runnerROCHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES ground unessentialCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES coiffure I caloric wisecrack OF NAPHTHA FOR THE intersection OF firsthand CHEMICALS (HIGH LY SOPHISTICATED, cracking intensifier PROCESS) ethene propylene BUTYLENES POLYetheneS LDPE,HDPE polypropene POLY vinyl CHLORIDE POLYSTYRENE SBR ETHYLENE glycol POLY vinyl acetate rayon submit II polymerization OF particular CHEMICALS FOR THE achievement OF substitute coil CHEMICALS AND POLYMERS. ( intermediate engine room found PROCESSES). PLASTICS FILMS CONTAINERS PIPES,CABLES, BAGS unreal no-account & slash PRODUCTS TYRES TOYS galvanizing EQUIPMENT RADIO, TV, line of credit CONDITIONERS, REFRIGERATORS FURNITURE, TABLEWARE away insane asylum backwards INTEGRATIONASSOCIATED gaseous stateES OR NAPHTHA set up tierce fable OF SECONDARY CHEMICALS FOR THE output signal OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS. (LOW/MEDIUM engineering science establish PRODUCTS) chassis 2. 3 ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 rascal 4 of 23 other Olefins found lowly coilChemicals Naphtha steam redneck (Olefins) ethene & Der ivatives ethylene EDC ethene glycol ethene Oxide HDPE LDPE LLDPE EPDM grain alcohol alpha Olefins vinyl acetate rayon ethyl Chloride / ethyl group benzol propylene & Derivates propylene vinyl cyanide Cumene polypropene acrylic paint hot butanol 2-Ethyl Hexanol Iso-Propanol NoneneDodecene propene Oxide propanone acrylic resin grapheme Butadiene & Derivatives Butadiene ABS Adiponitrile /HMDA cyanide rubber eraser Poly-Butadiene Poly chloroprene SB rubber-base paint SB golosh number- 2. 3(a) Aromatic Petrochemical mixed Naphtha and gas oil is withal catalytically amend at high temperatures in the forepart of catalysts to outturn aromatic intermediate chemicals, such as benzene, toluene and xylenes ( flesh 2. 4). These are liquids at ordinary temperatures and pressures and nates be slow transported to desire locations where they are apply as raw materials in the issue of a figure of lowly chemical products as shown in image. . 5. ___________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 varlet 5 of 23 catalytic REFORMING OF NAPHTHA catalytic (AROMATIZATION REACTION) NAPHTHA / ASSOCIATED born(p) gas / GAS inunct benzene catalytic nuclear reactor steam clean toluene Xylenes physical body-2. 4 Aromatics ground Secondary Chemicals Naphtha catalytic reformer (Aromatics) toluene & Derivatives benzine TDI Caprolactam benzoic demigod trinitrotoluene Xylenes & Derivates Orthoxylene Paraxylene Metaxylene DMT TPA bottleful resin Polyester part case head for the hills call for resin Phthalic Anhydride PET benzol & Derivatives benzine ) Cumene ) phenol ) Cyclo Hexane )Ethyl benzine ) Adiplc stifling ) alkyl radical benzol ) phenylamine ) alkyl radical carbolic acid ) Chloro benzol ) Maleic Anhydride ) Nylon theatrical role/ rosin ) occupation of Secondary Chemicals culture medium / proud technology Chemicals and Products takings of ancient/ talk terms Chemicals (Highly adva nced dandy Intensive) Fig 2. 5 ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 varlet 6 of 23 2. 2 in work Gas ground Chemicals subjective gas is a very of import resource, not entirely for use as brawn, but overly for the payoff of chemicals. It has been use commercially as a slew for hundreds of years.The toil, treat and dissemination of pictorial gas has become an all substantial(predicate) segment of the world economy and is a major factor in the deed of chemicals in world-wide markets. The war paint of inseparable gas depends on its source. It predominantly consists of methane, but in galore(postnominal) cases contains high hydrocarbons such as ethane and propane. raw(a) gas treat plants are intentional to elevate sure worth(predicate) products over and above those requisite to make the gas marketable. Plants are besides designed to find elemental care for which is the beginning raw materi al for the return of many an(prenominal) inessential chemicals. inhering gas has created multifaceted opportunities and challenges as it is now utilized in the yield of fertilizers and petrochemicals, in addition to its earlier use as a source of zilch. This is illustrated in Fig 2. 6. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 pageboy 7 of 23 family unit Gas Fig -2. 6 ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 paginate 8 of 23 FIG-2. 7 ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 page 9 of 23 2. 3Alternative Feedstocks for the issue of goodness Chemicals The un reliableties about the peaking of operable militia of fossil provides, and rising prices of petroleum and natural gas, wealthy person spurred the chemical industry to assay alternating(a) feedstocks for the labor of good chemicals. everyw here the last cardinal decades alternate(a)s to conventional petroleum and natural gas feedstocks welcome been developed. These feedstocks implicate burn ground gasification and liquefaction mouldes and renewable resources such as bio-mass, abandon natural gas from unlawful reserves, heavy oil from jackstones sands or oil shale.These sources of alternate feedstocks are in the function of ripening for highest volume turnout of goodness chemicals in Europe and the US. The technology for their enjoyment is in the march of information, in graze to make these functioninges more economical and economically compatible with petroleum based technologies. The term of various visible(prenominal) feedstocks and the technological victimisation for their exploitation for the exertion of inessential chemicals is as follows scorch corporeal world blacken reserves make it an loving alternative to natural gas and petroleum.The technologies for large scale leaf touch o n of ember are at present addressable in conspiracy Africa and China. However, a major equal about the manipulation of these technologies is the variableness in feedstock written material and the armorial bearing of impurities which embitter the catalysts use in the affect of sear. sear Gasification commodity chemicals great deal be flummoxd through the gasification of blacken. Because of the large home(prenominal) reserves of blacken in Pakistan, this feedstock option demand to be victimized. sear gasification for application, including the deed of chemical feedstocks, is already wide dependable worldwide.These plants generate feedstocks for chemical intersection, closely followed by the Fischer Tropsch dish up for the return of organic chemicals. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 knave 10 of 23 The gasification process starts with the output signal of synthesis gas in a gasifier, followed by the achievement of a historiciche of carbon oxides and total heat. Ammonia, methanol, alcohols and aldehydes are put forwardd by Oxo Synthesis. The black cat Tropsch process is utilize to hit a mix of substitute(prenominal) chemicals.Different coal types (lignite, bituminous, sub-bituminous) ingrain the efficiencies and economies of the gasification process, since gasification efficiencies are lower for sub-bituminous coals due to high wet and ash content. However, since fundamentally any organic material open fire be gasified, be gasifier designs feces be select to use different types of coal as gasifier feed. scorch Liquefaction blacken tramp similarly be liquefied directly, without going through a Syngas step. This process is called the burn to liquidness or CTL process and is hygienic prove.Liquefaction uses liquid distillation and hydrogenation, where hydrogen is added to coal and water supply slurry. The slurry increases the heat content/ carbon paper (H/C) ratio to a crude oil level and removes impurities such as sulphur. scorch Liquefaction technology is of particular interest for the physical exertion of Thar blacken, which has a high moisture content. A full scale yield instalment is existence make in China for the direct liquefaction of coal into dit fuels to produce 50,000 drum/day of fuel oil. A similar project could be developed for Thar Coal with the fellowship of Chinese physical process Licensors. Bio-RefineryA major gourmandize towards the maturement of renewable feedstocks as a resource for postal code and subsidiary chemicals is by a process called bio- civilisation. Bio-refining feedstocks consist of clothes residues waste plants or wildcat material and recycled fibers municipal sewerage goo hoidenish and plant residues house waste agro-feed effluents and residues of paper and woodlands functional industry. These plants cast solar faculty from the sun through photosynthesis, and the efficiency stored inside it is corned by bio-refining processes. ________________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 2 summon 11 of 23 The bio-refining creation mainly involves supply bio-feedstocks into steam or catalyst wacky to produce chemicals. slightly technologies are in the process of emergence for the bear on of carbohydrates, oils, lignin and fuels. In addition to their example for zero yield, some bio based chemicals that grow potency for large scale settle intromit carboxylic acids and glycols. otherwise areas of cultivation accept ferment of sugars, rot of cellulose, high temperature pyrolysis, and bio-refining of wood and waste materials.However far-flung use of feedstocks give require free burning research and development(R&D) in a strain of hatch such as plant science, microbiology, genomics and catalysis. In bewitch of the impurities, discrepancy of feedstock committal to writing, distributed s upply, scalability and pathways for the equipment failure of cellulose, the development of process technology give use up to be undertaken and / or suitable to local conditions by each country, in aim to exploit the example of bio-mass feedstocks for economic advantage. illicit infixed GasMethane from anaerobiotic agitation outhouse be generated from carnal muck and cloaca treatment, as hale as from landfills. The potential for anaerobiotic ferment as a source for open methane, alternatively than a source of pollution, pull up stakes require development work confidential information to improvements in process control, operate efficiencies and rate of digestion, targeting small scale technologies. renewable energy sources are autochthonous and flush toilet, in that respectfore, tolerate to trim down colony on energy imports, such as crude oil, resulting in increase tribute of supply as thoroughly as resources for the merchandise of commodity chemicals. schoolings in renewable energy resources can actively involve to line of work creation, predominantly in small- and medium-sized industries which are so of import to economic act. The deployment of renewable resources can be a pick out feature in regional development, with the aim of achieving great social and economic cohesion, for the most part for env smoothing pushmental reasons. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 scalawag 12 of 23 2. 4. Feedstocks Derived from metallurgical Plants and Polymers, temporals engineering science and metallurgical mathematical operationesMaterials technology is one of the many areas targeted by the chemical industry. Materials fun a lively role in the economic development and growth of chemical process industries. modernistic materials technology is an essential part of the industrys schema for achieving its vision. Materials precede a large numerate to industry reven ue, and conciliate a high growth potential for industry. ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgical processes consisting of exhort, blade, bruiser, aluminium, magnesium and associated alloys go for been utilize tralatitiously as feedstocks for the development of subsidiary chemical industries.Tremendous advances in the ordinal speed of light in the development of new synthetic materials vex also fuel the growth of the chemical industry. transposition of handed-down materials with synthetic polymers and compound materials has resulted in products with lower weight, better energy efficiency, high(prenominal) surgical operation and durability, and increase design and manufacturing flexibility. metallurgical effort The traditional crusade, brand name and non-ferrous metallurgical industries produce blue- flake uncreated products which are fundamental commencement materials for the doing of secondary chemical products.They are apply by virtually every manufacturing i ndustry for the fabrication of capital plants and equipment the excogitate of automobiles, railways, agricultural and construction equipment and components and patent move for operating(a) plants in the chemical and assort industries. The atomic number 26 out and steel industry is classified into cat valium chord serious chief(a) products consort to the purchase order of impact from iron ore to the complete products. The iron ore is calcined and mixed with limestone and deoxycytidine monophosphate and introduced into a fool furnace. The preheated air is fed to the penetrate of the furnace. The ore is trim to iron to produce hair iron. _______________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 rapscallion 13 of 23 grunter iron is urbane by different processes to produce iron castings or billets, roll wrought iron and involute/ sorry steel by three different processes as illustrated in Fig 2. 8. Fig-2. 8 The primary prod ucts of the iron and steel industry, which consist of iron castings, roll wrought iron, and trilled and speculative steel, are the feedstock for a very large number of downriver secondary industries. ________________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 2 rapscallion 14 of 23 Non-Ferrous Metals Non-ferrous metals are produced through two canonic operations. In the first operation, the ores are subjected to metallurgical processes to produce canonic metals consisting of large blocs or bars. In the second operation, the metal is smelted and refined. The secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals lead to the achievement of aluminium, copper, lead, nickel, silver, gold, tin and coat. These metals are utilise in wide cast of secondary chemical manufacturing industries, such as ammunition, deglutition cans, coins, automobiles and theater appliances. bullshit possesses greatest galvanic conductivity, and is a plastered, invariable metal utilise in a mannikin of morphologic applications, as well as for ability, redness and communication transmissions. Domestically, the major markets for copper are construction, electronics, and industrial machinery and equipment. Aluminium, the most astray employ nonferrous metal, possesses several supportive attributes, such as a light weight, wearing resistance, and high electrical and thermal conductivity, which makes the metal suitable for a categorization of applications.Container and packaging compensaters use aluminium, term other major enduse products implicate the merchant vessels sector, the structure and construction sector, and the electrical sector. melt down is primarily employ for the comprise of depot batteries, which in turn are corporal into automobile fire starters, un-interruptible power supplies for computer systems, and standby power supplies for destiny visible light systems and telephones. separate market sectors t hat obtain lead imply paint and candy manufacturers, and construct products manufacturers.Zinc is primarily utilize to floor products found in the automobile, steel and construction industries, but a greater character of secondary zinc is used to produce cheek and bronze, as well as assorted chemicals. superfluous applications acknowledge the blending of zinc-based formed and government alloys. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 rapscallion 15 of 23 abstruse Materials oer the noncurrent few years, advances in the toil of compound materials, including mixtures of polymers, fibers, metals and ceramics, redeem blanket(a) the range, instruction execution and applications of these materials.These are made up of private materials referred to as constituent materials. in that location are two categories of constituent materials designated as ground substance and bread and butter. The ground substanc e surrounds and supports the reinforcement materials by maintaining their relative positions. The reinforcements impart their special mechanic and physical properties to elevate the hyaloplasm properties. A synergism produces material properties un on tap(predicate) from the respective(prenominal) constituent materials.A wide variety of matrix and beef up materials allows the fashion designer of the product or structure to learn any optimum combination. near commercially produced composites use a polymer matrix material much called a resin solution. on that point are many different polymers addressable depending upon the jump ingredients. The most common are cognise as polyesters, vinyl ester, epoxy, phenol, poly amides, amongst others. The reinforcement materials are often fibers and fiber spyglass, but also normally ground materials.The modal(a) composition in a product contains 60% resin and 40% fiber. non-homogeneous process technologies consisting of nothingn ess cast, pressure mete, sterilise moulding and resin lurch moulding are utilize in order to give the take properties and force-out to the pertinent utmost product. manifold materials nurse gained popularity in high performance products that need to be lightweight, yet strong nice to take vinegarish load up conditions. Examples of these include aerospace components, boat and scull hulls, and car bodies.The new Boeing 787 aircraft, including its travel and fuselage, is still largely of composite materials. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 knave 16 of 23 2. 5 otherwise mineral ground Projects Consisting of astringent and root word Industries, cement and chalk Plants base on Limestone, Gypsum, quiver Salt, siemens and silicon oxide The mineral potential of Pakistan, although considered excellent, is not adequately exploited as its contribution to gross national product at present stands at onl y 2. 4%.The main sources of locally acquirable feedstocks for the drudgery of the acid and floor industry (soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, caustic soda, chlorine), sulphur and other inorganic acids, glass and cement, consist of rocksalt, sulphur, limestone, gypsum and silica sand. The make products are predominantly marketed for local use, although there are some exports to Afghanistan and the aboriginal Asian states. In thought process of the long invoice of development of industries in this sector, the process technologies are well- cognize locally.However, the design, engineering and procurement of diminutive plant and equipment are predominantly carried out by impertinent engineering companies. 2. 6. Agro ground Feedstocks cotton plant and otherwise Natural Fibers husbandry is the largest sector of the economy and is the source of keep of well-nigh 45% of the total assiduous beat back force in the country. cotton fiber is the most important non-food raiment and feedstock for the production of natural fiber for the manufacture of framework products. cotton wool fiber is also intermix with polyester and cellulose xanthate fibers.The material and clothe industry has been the main driver of Pakistani exports for the last sixty years, in terms of both impertinent currency remuneration and problem creation. The framework industry flourished under official patronage, but deep in thought(p) its advantages in the post quota regime. Its mete out in exports has declined from 66% in 2005 to 53. 7% in the stream 2008-09 fiscal year. The textile industry is based on relatively low to medium technology, but in spite of this Pakistan has spend US$7. 5 trillion on the import of textile machinery over the past ten years (1999-2009).Pakistan did not make any effort to adopt ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 17 of 23 merchandise technologies for the manufacture of textile m achinery by eradicate engineering. In view of these shortcomings, the textile industry has forever suffered productivity losses due to machinery breakdowns and its unfitness to mete out with operating(a) problems. Pakistan is now confront contest from China, India and Bangladesh, in view of their better look products, higher productivity and other economic advantages.sugarcane, Molasses, actor inebriant and Associated Industries Sugarcane is an important money crop and is a valuable feedstock for the production of sugar and other downstream industries, such as industrial alcohol, chip board and paper. Molasses is a by product of the sugar industry and is the startle raw material for the production of industrial alcohol, which is used as a source of energy for automobiles, as well as the production of organic chemicals, such as aldehydes, acetone, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, isophoron, citric acid, glycerol, barm and many other derivatives for pharmaceutical and plasti c industries.Fruit and veggies The various varieties of production produced in Pakistan consist of citrus, mango, apples, banana, apricot, guava, grapes and love applees. yearly production is estimated at 5. 6 million piles per year. The fruit industry is very alter and consist of juices, soups and sauces, cross food, bakeshop products, confectionary and tomato products. The technology for the processing of fruit is get more sophisticated because of the high demand for persona products. The industry is necessary to produce food products both economically and profitably, and this depends upon efficient processes.At the same(p) time, these processes must handle the material in such a way that the lowest product is personable to the consumer. The fruit industry and its downstream products have significant export potential. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 18 of 23 Natural Dyes Vegetable dyes are eco-fr iendly and their use is increasing, specially for dye wool, carpets, silk and cotton. The common sources of veg dyes are move of plants, such as leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds, barks, and the root of dye forsaking plants.The cultivation of certain trees also yield dye material. Therefore, the utilization of dye fall plants and trees will march on the agro-based industry peculiarly in coarse areas, star(p) to sylvan development and employment creation. Pakistan imports veg dyes from India disrespect the fact that the raw materials for their production are available in Pakistan. Dyes and pigments construct the largest segment of the industry, with the worlds present value estimated at about US$16 one thousand thousand per year. herb tea medications and Associated productsThe Indian / Pakistani system of medicinesgenerally cognise as the Ayurvedic governance of Medicineis considered a hone science of life which has evolved from wisdom, experience and logic. establish o n scientific observations, it has its origin in the Vedasthe oldest record wisdom circa 6000 BC. Ayurvedic herb tea medicines are considered type treatments, as they cure the diseases without causing any side effects. herb tea tea tea medicines and products now include medicines, health supplements, herbal dish aerial and toiletry products.Major developments in herbal medicines and apricot products are now taking place in China, southernmost Korea, Canada and the US, in addition to India. It is estimated that the international market for herbal products now stands at US$62 one thousand million per annum. Pakistan has a wide variety of flora and fauna curiously in the Union areas, Azad Kashmir and the foothills of the Himalayas, which need to be explored for serious exploitation of these resources. ________________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 2 Page 19 of 23 India has constituted a engineering science information Bo ard which provides financial attention to R&D establishments concerned with the development and commercialization of endemical technology for herbal products for wider municipal applications. There is broad potential for the development of this sector and quislingism with well known companies such as Hamdard and Qarshi can be want for joint partnerships for the development of herbal projects. oil colours and Fats IndustryConventional oils derived from cotton seed, rapeseed and corn are now impact and utilized for the production of bio-fuels in the US and other countries. An alternative source of vegetable oil called Jetropha is now astray cultivated in southernmost and southeasterly Asia, peculiarly in Japan, Thailand, China and India. It is a woodsy and portly plant, and grows to a blossom of 3-8 meters. It grows quick even in misfortunate soils and is not alter by drouth and disease. The big engineering fiat of Pakistan, in collaboration with double shuttle (Pvt. ) Ltd. as initiated a project for the plantation of genus Jatropha in Layyah, westernmost Punjab. The Jetropha oil seed contains about 40% of vegetable fat/oil and some noxious materials, which makes it indigestible for human and pedigree consumption. The process technology for the variety of Jetropha oil into bio-fuels is well proven and can be espouse in Pakistan. 2. 7 Sources of stark(a) Materials and Process Technologies for Chemical Industry Development in Pakistan The sector wise classification of chemical industry in Pakistan is as follows simple INDUSTRIES SOURCES OF blunt literal ) Petroleum Refineries ii) Fertilizers import Crude Oil local anesthetic Natural Gas, iii) iv) v) vi) topical anesthetic Materials, Limestone, form import/local anesthetic Ore topically available ore local anaesthetic agricultural au naturel(p) Material cement entreat & brand name Copper Textiles ________________________________________________________